{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF","short_pith_number":"pith:ITD6D27A","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1909.12434","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-26T23:25:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"36be252f2f3cdcf99713fb253811350a665a61757ac7332acb92b47b71b661a8","abstract_canon_sha256":"5f23939a328745f610c9c174d99e26f43eed5e2a721757ab7bb6c25a51582c3a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"44c7e1ebe0978e735fc93bd0d8f907c9626ba498f45c52a0f50c499abe3b05b1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1909.12434","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1909.12434","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1909.12434v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1909.12434","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ITD6D27AS6HH","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ITD6D27AS6HHGX6J","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ITD6D27A","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1909.12434","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-26T23:25:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"36be252f2f3cdcf99713fb253811350a665a61757ac7332acb92b47b71b661a8","abstract_canon_sha256":"5f23939a328745f610c9c174d99e26f43eed5e2a721757ab7bb6c25a51582c3a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"44c7e1ebe0978e735fc93bd0d8f907c9626ba498f45c52a0f50c499abe3b05b1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58.689559Z","signature_b64":"xoCAbj3zQHMEeGKIrjji6Pr/B4QyMlD23x+OVs2wp+W7bxEwbtMYn4H7BGVAogkOiZOJlcSZLv99WUbcJoQHAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"44c7e1ebe0978e735fc93bd0d8f907c9626ba498f45c52a0f50c499abe3b05b1","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58.689136Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58.689136Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1909.12434","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iq1z6965e2dIbMwdn76SLaneJilqaTxFU/+/uUR51keKKbiTPza2EWxRQwMmiA6k7HziJFFfJu8BdIruOE1HBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T11:02:33.261194Z"},"content_sha256":"4c9bb1670be931b64c5155a70d9a298611a642e9b86c92c42d6c8a991cab8ffd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4c9bb1670be931b64c5155a70d9a298611a642e9b86c92c42d6c8a991cab8ffd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Learning the Difference that Makes a Difference with Counterfactually-Augmented Data","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Divyansh Kaushik, Eduard Hovy, Zachary C. Lipton","submitted_at":"2019-09-26T23:25:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"Despite alarm over the reliance of machine learning systems on so-called spurious patterns, the term lacks coherent meaning in standard statistical frameworks. However, the language of causality offers clarity: spurious associations are due to confounding (e.g., a common cause), but not direct or indirect causal effects. In this paper, we focus on natural language processing, introducing methods and resources for training models less sensitive to spurious patterns. Given documents and their initial labels, we task humans with revising each document so that it (i) accords with a counterfactual "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1909.12434","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1909.12434/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OOv6jIWW/o4l0cDSI1LQMeAC/0H4JblqzOpKNc/ltdMRHuCSPKsZuzVTRbAzf98Vv+HnSouDEtOxwEcLbXfKAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T11:02:33.262061Z"},"content_sha256":"eefd1aaec7a2681d612e4b84b187695d0f11545d12b7a90561486373f3b6a99c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:eefd1aaec7a2681d612e4b84b187695d0f11545d12b7a90561486373f3b6a99c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T11:02:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:ITD6D27AS6HHGX6JHPINR6IHZF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5f23939a328745f610c9c174d99e26f43eed5e2a721757ab7bb6c25a51582c3a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-26T23:25:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"36be252f2f3cdcf99713fb253811350a665a61757ac7332acb92b47b71b661a8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1909.12434","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1909.12434","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1909.12434v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1909.12434","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ITD6D27AS6HH","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ITD6D27AS6HHGX6J","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ITD6D27A","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:eefd1aaec7a2681d612e4b84b187695d0f11545d12b7a90561486373f3b6a99c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1909.12434/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Despite alarm over the reliance of machine learning systems on so-called spurious patterns, the term lacks coherent meaning in standard statistical frameworks. However, the language of causality offers clarity: spurious associations are due to confounding (e.g., a common cause), but not direct or indirect causal effects. In this paper, we focus on natural language processing, introducing methods and resources for training models less sensitive to spurious patterns. Given documents and their initial labels, we task humans with revising each document so that it (i) accords with a counterfactual ","authors_text":"Divyansh Kaushik, Eduard Hovy, Zachary C. Lipton","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-26T23:25:25Z","title":"Learning the Difference that Makes a Difference with Counterfactually-Augmented Data"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1909.12434","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4c9bb1670be931b64c5155a70d9a298611a642e9b86c92c42d6c8a991cab8ffd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5f23939a328745f610c9c174d99e26f43eed5e2a721757ab7bb6c25a51582c3a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-09-26T23:25:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"36be252f2f3cdcf99713fb253811350a665a61757ac7332acb92b47b71b661a8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1909.12434","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"44c7e1ebe0978e735fc93bd0d8f907c9626ba498f45c52a0f50c499abe3b05b1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"44c7e1ebe0978e735fc93bd0d8f907c9626ba498f45c52a0f50c499abe3b05b1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58.689136Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58.689136Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"xoCAbj3zQHMEeGKIrjji6Pr/B4QyMlD23x+OVs2wp+W7bxEwbtMYn4H7BGVAogkOiZOJlcSZLv99WUbcJoQHAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:40:58.689559Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1909.12434","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4c9bb1670be931b64c5155a70d9a298611a642e9b86c92c42d6c8a991cab8ffd","sha256:eefd1aaec7a2681d612e4b84b187695d0f11545d12b7a90561486373f3b6a99c"],"state_sha256":"605939b8f750bd28bd814b0c581542561edd681905ea13b7ac2dbe1fbe4e66ac"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"T9chTE/d+WuN58gjRjmeUk/0M+DL60wbebGJcGTU97bTP3aAWYtn7cqypZiK7bqwBpx4phl6hQZzttd/0aH4Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T11:02:33.276664Z","bundle_sha256":"2d32f8894fbbf6007f5969bc664e2a9e1f889f32c9d5df72334e5f5b645da3cc"}}