{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX","short_pith_number":"pith:IUJIMS7I","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2210.07138","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2022-10-13T16:21:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"aa320b2b25987e60433d9e3786d48d41cb2ae0c4dc2597dccb21334336c36161","abstract_canon_sha256":"4b473e4b20c088e311e03304ed7b988bff2efe213cdd5e1fb9596f9d3eb1eb19"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4512864be8572402d1d6606d83b021cdddfe6a45f3afe9bf3508f88feab59813","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2210.07138","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2210.07138","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2210.07138v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2210.07138","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IUJIMS7IK4SA","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOW","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IUJIMS7I","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2210.07138","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2022-10-13T16:21:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"aa320b2b25987e60433d9e3786d48d41cb2ae0c4dc2597dccb21334336c36161","abstract_canon_sha256":"4b473e4b20c088e311e03304ed7b988bff2efe213cdd5e1fb9596f9d3eb1eb19"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4512864be8572402d1d6606d83b021cdddfe6a45f3afe9bf3508f88feab59813","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24.873615Z","signature_b64":"JvqE6A2gg5geOajUT4ut+6khzNosXIsLKoiTWGn25ZT7q8Zz6xGADClUmfXeNblwJLzQN5yz7WFEoB2BUeasDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4512864be8572402d1d6606d83b021cdddfe6a45f3afe9bf3508f88feab59813","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24.873083Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24.873083Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2210.07138","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HMZoeGwg7e7L+oqHWXtrsdliPg/enAXE3MF9ltl9DfiBonpTKjtPs/bXWZAVGw4GGjyJvsqpzRzPv5uwrDe9CQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T16:24:39.446044Z"},"content_sha256":"69c8deb73c256cdfcb6bb75ea168cc4098673101973a97f55192ff65143cf00d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:69c8deb73c256cdfcb6bb75ea168cc4098673101973a97f55192ff65143cf00d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Counterfactual Multihop QA: A Cause-Effect Approach for Reducing Disconnected Reasoning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Hanjiang Lai, Qinkang Gong, Wangzhen Guo","submitted_at":"2022-10-13T16:21:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Multi-hop QA requires reasoning over multiple supporting facts to answer the question. However, the existing QA models always rely on shortcuts, e.g., providing the true answer by only one fact, rather than multi-hop reasoning, which is referred as $\\textit{disconnected reasoning}$ problem. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel counterfactual multihop QA, a causal-effect approach that enables to reduce the disconnected reasoning. It builds upon explicitly modeling of causality: 1) the direct causal effects of disconnected reasoning and 2) the causal effect of true multi-hop reasoning fro"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2210.07138","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2210.07138/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"e5tqa5Qn6spV3yp7p5Kz8Unopp3kwN3+MRIAbenpBH5MLxgSexO4CyzVQOBJplCPF8t8QScvDctZJofIvTIcBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T16:24:39.446605Z"},"content_sha256":"8e8e20a839d07bd4032eb32c35b142d1be4ae564404b01a0aca294d361a86040","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8e8e20a839d07bd4032eb32c35b142d1be4ae564404b01a0aca294d361a86040"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-17T16:24:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOWMBWYHMBBZX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4b473e4b20c088e311e03304ed7b988bff2efe213cdd5e1fb9596f9d3eb1eb19","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2022-10-13T16:21:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"aa320b2b25987e60433d9e3786d48d41cb2ae0c4dc2597dccb21334336c36161"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2210.07138","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2210.07138","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2210.07138v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2210.07138","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IUJIMS7IK4SA","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IUJIMS7IK4SAFUOW","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IUJIMS7I","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8e8e20a839d07bd4032eb32c35b142d1be4ae564404b01a0aca294d361a86040","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2210.07138/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Multi-hop QA requires reasoning over multiple supporting facts to answer the question. However, the existing QA models always rely on shortcuts, e.g., providing the true answer by only one fact, rather than multi-hop reasoning, which is referred as $\\textit{disconnected reasoning}$ problem. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel counterfactual multihop QA, a causal-effect approach that enables to reduce the disconnected reasoning. It builds upon explicitly modeling of causality: 1) the direct causal effects of disconnected reasoning and 2) the causal effect of true multi-hop reasoning fro","authors_text":"Hanjiang Lai, Qinkang Gong, Wangzhen Guo","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2022-10-13T16:21:53Z","title":"Counterfactual Multihop QA: A Cause-Effect Approach for Reducing Disconnected Reasoning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2210.07138","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:69c8deb73c256cdfcb6bb75ea168cc4098673101973a97f55192ff65143cf00d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4b473e4b20c088e311e03304ed7b988bff2efe213cdd5e1fb9596f9d3eb1eb19","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2022-10-13T16:21:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"aa320b2b25987e60433d9e3786d48d41cb2ae0c4dc2597dccb21334336c36161"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2210.07138","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4512864be8572402d1d6606d83b021cdddfe6a45f3afe9bf3508f88feab59813","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4512864be8572402d1d6606d83b021cdddfe6a45f3afe9bf3508f88feab59813","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24.873083Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24.873083Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JvqE6A2gg5geOajUT4ut+6khzNosXIsLKoiTWGn25ZT7q8Zz6xGADClUmfXeNblwJLzQN5yz7WFEoB2BUeasDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:06:24.873615Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2210.07138","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:69c8deb73c256cdfcb6bb75ea168cc4098673101973a97f55192ff65143cf00d","sha256:8e8e20a839d07bd4032eb32c35b142d1be4ae564404b01a0aca294d361a86040"],"state_sha256":"fdb94ea769a9061f4c9b98f3df876ddb83371c783ee45e481b2315a563f3ee76"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hAdpk54LrKVivqIa1nIuwK9EKx02Kdii1nQNOaKg4v2LAFmSsy9B4vSivHTGbG7xaijXvkIcqddEZ/kgkXP4BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-17T16:24:39.451445Z","bundle_sha256":"3a761f434080aae8241fa4dca2055b19961dc585d51b7e7e37fdd2de014dd9d3"}}