{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4","short_pith_number":"pith:IUPN3EPK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1610.08914","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2016-10-27T18:18:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"89fd5885b1ac67930964e490f9069d0ab9bd6b957238d57522b83fb3e44efac1","abstract_canon_sha256":"3da978f8af135648f0b9ec9a14abaeee4dbc39ecec707b227961a7f29f846767"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"451edd91eaa9e62f9e1c2174de70bdcf1a16674aa25c278e3d21e13ab6b03505","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1610.08914","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1610.08914","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1610.08914v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1610.08914","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IUPN3EPKVHTC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IUPN3EPK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:22Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1610.08914","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2016-10-27T18:18:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"89fd5885b1ac67930964e490f9069d0ab9bd6b957238d57522b83fb3e44efac1","abstract_canon_sha256":"3da978f8af135648f0b9ec9a14abaeee4dbc39ecec707b227961a7f29f846767"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"451edd91eaa9e62f9e1c2174de70bdcf1a16674aa25c278e3d21e13ab6b03505","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58.122931Z","signature_b64":"quqnOMJDYAwcaXzQOIZKg4tZCiyM3Mlcq+Fh8vV7WtMDkEwWrmwKGW8ivvUyDJMvnENBjfbDr9gAm3UFbgF3CQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"451edd91eaa9e62f9e1c2174de70bdcf1a16674aa25c278e3d21e13ab6b03505","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58.122437Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58.122437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1610.08914","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i1NYTJ5Y4KA/XGs2uh1M6090ZAh+yW2WvSwHPbiXvUqdXkOpMXY5veJx+h0oh0UFmQuivz7aOv/xXbJXYKfkAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T18:23:26.855162Z"},"content_sha256":"82b87e56602163568d67a8483365ef9dedf0362dceb9756b70dd5fb8d8bd840e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:82b87e56602163568d67a8483365ef9dedf0362dceb9756b70dd5fb8d8bd840e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scale","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ellery Wulczyn, Lucas Dixon, Nithum Thain","submitted_at":"2016-10-27T18:18:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"The damage personal attacks cause to online discourse motivates many platforms to try to curb the phenomenon. However, understanding the prevalence and impact of personal attacks in online platforms at scale remains surprisingly difficult. The contribution of this paper is to develop and illustrate a method that combines crowdsourcing and machine learning to analyze personal attacks at scale. We show an evaluation method for a classifier in terms of the aggregated number of crowd-workers it can approximate. We apply our methodology to English Wikipedia, generating a corpus of over 100k high qu"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1610.08914","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6pVEkvZ2gAku/xOBfFu6XrAeoumZxxRMR+TSBBWztp4ZrZmEU3QpCmeb3GWEmznbeojbNg/H1f7PPOLiRFl7Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T18:23:26.855878Z"},"content_sha256":"36da8732569ee1a20b919a71f3d87b6d403b5dc2da395f590e2f74071ef7bae6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:36da8732569ee1a20b919a71f3d87b6d403b5dc2da395f590e2f74071ef7bae6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T18:23:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4EF2N44F5Z4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3da978f8af135648f0b9ec9a14abaeee4dbc39ecec707b227961a7f29f846767","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2016-10-27T18:18:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"89fd5885b1ac67930964e490f9069d0ab9bd6b957238d57522b83fb3e44efac1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1610.08914","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1610.08914","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1610.08914v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1610.08914","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IUPN3EPKVHTC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IUPN3EPKVHTC7HQ4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IUPN3EPK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:36da8732569ee1a20b919a71f3d87b6d403b5dc2da395f590e2f74071ef7bae6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The damage personal attacks cause to online discourse motivates many platforms to try to curb the phenomenon. However, understanding the prevalence and impact of personal attacks in online platforms at scale remains surprisingly difficult. The contribution of this paper is to develop and illustrate a method that combines crowdsourcing and machine learning to analyze personal attacks at scale. We show an evaluation method for a classifier in terms of the aggregated number of crowd-workers it can approximate. We apply our methodology to English Wikipedia, generating a corpus of over 100k high qu","authors_text":"Ellery Wulczyn, Lucas Dixon, Nithum Thain","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2016-10-27T18:18:18Z","title":"Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scale"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1610.08914","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:82b87e56602163568d67a8483365ef9dedf0362dceb9756b70dd5fb8d8bd840e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3da978f8af135648f0b9ec9a14abaeee4dbc39ecec707b227961a7f29f846767","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2016-10-27T18:18:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"89fd5885b1ac67930964e490f9069d0ab9bd6b957238d57522b83fb3e44efac1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1610.08914","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"451edd91eaa9e62f9e1c2174de70bdcf1a16674aa25c278e3d21e13ab6b03505","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"451edd91eaa9e62f9e1c2174de70bdcf1a16674aa25c278e3d21e13ab6b03505","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58.122437Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58.122437Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"quqnOMJDYAwcaXzQOIZKg4tZCiyM3Mlcq+Fh8vV7WtMDkEwWrmwKGW8ivvUyDJMvnENBjfbDr9gAm3UFbgF3CQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:49:58.122931Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1610.08914","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:82b87e56602163568d67a8483365ef9dedf0362dceb9756b70dd5fb8d8bd840e","sha256:36da8732569ee1a20b919a71f3d87b6d403b5dc2da395f590e2f74071ef7bae6"],"state_sha256":"6493b3a18b66728816a4fe67b8e3f84d4fe942fea91c1882e5631a52b7deaac3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"J0XB98L5cjw1uGxhfdwoF+p5rhTOV9tUJB/QjY2gGLoKtN6TqyNgv3Ik3EqfE/ei6veSFPoc5Dvc9fhkwjfdAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T18:23:26.859524Z","bundle_sha256":"cfeaa1b81c01e600c7331371daa5de8090377b484759a259b097271b6a4a0715"}}