{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR","short_pith_number":"pith:J4E2IXOG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.6074","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2014-06-23T20:00:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3f796fcf70de03bd947f2467755862b2b249bbf0364c7d6f94c9652b88b5ec29","abstract_canon_sha256":"e10aae4144d33bf3edfcfad0afdd24c8afd15ba7595cde07e204efe6cc51ba96"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4f09a45dc6d33d39ae6bdc5bb9f8610c744ef10c79ca939fb83d66ce0db7fd86","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1406.6074","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.6074","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.6074v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.6074","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"J4E2IXOG2M6T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"J4E2IXOG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1406.6074","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2014-06-23T20:00:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3f796fcf70de03bd947f2467755862b2b249bbf0364c7d6f94c9652b88b5ec29","abstract_canon_sha256":"e10aae4144d33bf3edfcfad0afdd24c8afd15ba7595cde07e204efe6cc51ba96"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4f09a45dc6d33d39ae6bdc5bb9f8610c744ef10c79ca939fb83d66ce0db7fd86","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51.273072Z","signature_b64":"olVB/44GCXGJFQBM4Hm3nJFI9hXAkCNNs7lTsgqFsnC1dBV0nQZ5JHmbzV1pt01NtwKXJALp2DO3wgnBLkg1DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4f09a45dc6d33d39ae6bdc5bb9f8610c744ef10c79ca939fb83d66ce0db7fd86","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51.272392Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51.272392Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1406.6074","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xoMfSeu6ZH5rritwHhYOIYI7A2wTjR1PoloWiAI2ngg8HBa9GCow9DOCfF/+p6z1z5/tuMGbQGN9pd2E8dvTDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T02:15:43.234511Z"},"content_sha256":"34f75975b794237d7b4dc48cc71c3320797cfd6ba571795a8de9c80b7bbd180f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:34f75975b794237d7b4dc48cc71c3320797cfd6ba571795a8de9c80b7bbd180f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Formation of Warped Disks by Galactic Fly-by Encounters. I. Stellar Disks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Hong Bae Ann, Jeonghwan H. Kim, Sebastien Peirani, Suk-Jin Yoon, Sung-Ho An, Sungsoo Kim","submitted_at":"2014-06-23T20:00:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"Warped disks are almost ubiquitous among spiral galaxies. Here we revisit and test the `fly-by scenario' of warp formation, in which impulsive encounters between galaxies are responsible for warped disks. Based on N-body simulations, we investigate the morphological and kinematical evolution of the stellar component of disks when galaxies undergo fly-by interactions with adjacent dark matter halos. We find that the so-called `S'-shaped warps can be excited by fly-bys and sustained for even up to a few billion years, and that this scenario provides a cohesive explanation for several key observa"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.6074","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YQnbxbgXv8RU3Hfmam8aONc/ZqYiXFc3YPPH9rdLTwcP9YMiYAP/YXKLEn4IYNyU/Orx2+EjYL30vjsM2ByrAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T02:15:43.234848Z"},"content_sha256":"c461bae5995b5c19595ad14a4acadfb5707e115ff07aa68808d4356a25b57a86","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c461bae5995b5c19595ad14a4acadfb5707e115ff07aa68808d4356a25b57a86"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T02:15:43Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL3RN3T6DBBR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e10aae4144d33bf3edfcfad0afdd24c8afd15ba7595cde07e204efe6cc51ba96","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2014-06-23T20:00:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"3f796fcf70de03bd947f2467755862b2b249bbf0364c7d6f94c9652b88b5ec29"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.6074","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1406.6074","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1406.6074v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1406.6074","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"J4E2IXOG2M6T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"J4E2IXOG2M6TTLTL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"J4E2IXOG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c461bae5995b5c19595ad14a4acadfb5707e115ff07aa68808d4356a25b57a86","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Warped disks are almost ubiquitous among spiral galaxies. Here we revisit and test the `fly-by scenario' of warp formation, in which impulsive encounters between galaxies are responsible for warped disks. Based on N-body simulations, we investigate the morphological and kinematical evolution of the stellar component of disks when galaxies undergo fly-by interactions with adjacent dark matter halos. We find that the so-called `S'-shaped warps can be excited by fly-bys and sustained for even up to a few billion years, and that this scenario provides a cohesive explanation for several key observa","authors_text":"Hong Bae Ann, Jeonghwan H. Kim, Sebastien Peirani, Suk-Jin Yoon, Sung-Ho An, Sungsoo Kim","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2014-06-23T20:00:58Z","title":"Formation of Warped Disks by Galactic Fly-by Encounters. I. Stellar Disks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1406.6074","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:34f75975b794237d7b4dc48cc71c3320797cfd6ba571795a8de9c80b7bbd180f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e10aae4144d33bf3edfcfad0afdd24c8afd15ba7595cde07e204efe6cc51ba96","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2014-06-23T20:00:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"3f796fcf70de03bd947f2467755862b2b249bbf0364c7d6f94c9652b88b5ec29"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1406.6074","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4f09a45dc6d33d39ae6bdc5bb9f8610c744ef10c79ca939fb83d66ce0db7fd86","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4f09a45dc6d33d39ae6bdc5bb9f8610c744ef10c79ca939fb83d66ce0db7fd86","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51.272392Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51.272392Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"olVB/44GCXGJFQBM4Hm3nJFI9hXAkCNNs7lTsgqFsnC1dBV0nQZ5JHmbzV1pt01NtwKXJALp2DO3wgnBLkg1DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:42:51.273072Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1406.6074","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:34f75975b794237d7b4dc48cc71c3320797cfd6ba571795a8de9c80b7bbd180f","sha256:c461bae5995b5c19595ad14a4acadfb5707e115ff07aa68808d4356a25b57a86"],"state_sha256":"4a3381406833cda7bfab147ecbe1b7ed0eef0ae77669ff214fdac1bd0ace2f31"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3MjuOMf6isLgbBO4U5UjEFCoR7KmHDqdfTvJ4mLX1YAj7pC+clmj1uulTojlgp/EmlRUL4nDAirls1ipL/4mCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T02:15:43.236705Z","bundle_sha256":"948669c4bf66ce04526ed8e9f4acd6ecfe8ea19c6ab63d031cd4f6136d1e2e49"}}