{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL","short_pith_number":"pith:J4I466QO","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2507.06125","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T16:11:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"410c8c9156cb0f8d4e5dc06cfb93cf7290d07a86a4cd61952374c1ed8fb0e3a7","abstract_canon_sha256":"c960c6980eb05c8731f8d54de7098344faf23cb80bcd739418bb2159331e38b4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4f11cf7a0e41c3da98bb3273127764baddd5e864a7df95f210cffe58d1f35520","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2507.06125","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2507.06125","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2507.06125v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.06125","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"J4I466QOIHB5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"J4I466QOIHB5VGF3","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"J4I466QO","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2507.06125","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T16:11:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"410c8c9156cb0f8d4e5dc06cfb93cf7290d07a86a4cd61952374c1ed8fb0e3a7","abstract_canon_sha256":"c960c6980eb05c8731f8d54de7098344faf23cb80bcd739418bb2159331e38b4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4f11cf7a0e41c3da98bb3273127764baddd5e864a7df95f210cffe58d1f35520","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41.547871Z","signature_b64":"KmomihajjY6Y/vqjGpRkkI7YFYKH0faZUN6BsRWAUJoVSXaCMytU7VXjv/2n/EVONyJjj5uR2yN1p5NRdPgNAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4f11cf7a0e41c3da98bb3273127764baddd5e864a7df95f210cffe58d1f35520","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41.547366Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41.547366Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2507.06125","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IhmBik1t/YAGqGqpJnXJScS0crHK7rZC/AYGgeHnu5cNuY7pFfcT123pThGR9ORPyjMeMUCfzbs8EYrwX+wnAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T11:39:54.391225Z"},"content_sha256":"bc32ef72c0206328ae3dcad2f0789b6dd498e6e5a5d5b1c0db7009a9ec4fc99a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bc32ef72c0206328ae3dcad2f0789b6dd498e6e5a5d5b1c0db7009a9ec4fc99a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Subspace-based Approximate Hessian Method for Zeroth-Order Optimization","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Dongyoon Kim, Kwang In Kim, Sungjae Lee, Wonjin Lee","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T16:11:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Zeroth-order optimization addresses problems where gradient information is inaccessible or impractical to compute. While most existing methods rely on first-order approximations, incorporating second-order (curvature) information can, in principle, significantly accelerate convergence. However, the high cost of function evaluations required to estimate Hessian matrices often limits practical applicability. We present the subspace-based approximate Hessian (ZO-SAH) method, a zeroth-order optimization algorithm that mitigates these costs by focusing on randomly selected two-dimensional subspaces"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2507.06125","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2507.06125/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2JhVk8f+ga6dwEMF203tyu7bheLSXsiyf63pBSoNhZwfng1MMHUo7B4bdOMISepsC0v8L7B2msRZVSZ4uEihBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T11:39:54.391625Z"},"content_sha256":"079ef78d5ac7c2c94f0329cd9948b3a9c8614c885c9b5119f3581e7efc062b0c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:079ef78d5ac7c2c94f0329cd9948b3a9c8614c885c9b5119f3581e7efc062b0c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T11:39:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:J4I466QOIHB5VGF3GJZRE53EXL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c960c6980eb05c8731f8d54de7098344faf23cb80bcd739418bb2159331e38b4","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T16:11:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"410c8c9156cb0f8d4e5dc06cfb93cf7290d07a86a4cd61952374c1ed8fb0e3a7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2507.06125","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2507.06125","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2507.06125v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.06125","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"J4I466QOIHB5","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"J4I466QOIHB5VGF3","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"J4I466QO","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:079ef78d5ac7c2c94f0329cd9948b3a9c8614c885c9b5119f3581e7efc062b0c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2507.06125/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Zeroth-order optimization addresses problems where gradient information is inaccessible or impractical to compute. While most existing methods rely on first-order approximations, incorporating second-order (curvature) information can, in principle, significantly accelerate convergence. However, the high cost of function evaluations required to estimate Hessian matrices often limits practical applicability. We present the subspace-based approximate Hessian (ZO-SAH) method, a zeroth-order optimization algorithm that mitigates these costs by focusing on randomly selected two-dimensional subspaces","authors_text":"Dongyoon Kim, Kwang In Kim, Sungjae Lee, Wonjin Lee","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T16:11:53Z","title":"Subspace-based Approximate Hessian Method for Zeroth-Order Optimization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2507.06125","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:bc32ef72c0206328ae3dcad2f0789b6dd498e6e5a5d5b1c0db7009a9ec4fc99a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c960c6980eb05c8731f8d54de7098344faf23cb80bcd739418bb2159331e38b4","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-07-08T16:11:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"410c8c9156cb0f8d4e5dc06cfb93cf7290d07a86a4cd61952374c1ed8fb0e3a7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2507.06125","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4f11cf7a0e41c3da98bb3273127764baddd5e864a7df95f210cffe58d1f35520","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4f11cf7a0e41c3da98bb3273127764baddd5e864a7df95f210cffe58d1f35520","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41.547366Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41.547366Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"KmomihajjY6Y/vqjGpRkkI7YFYKH0faZUN6BsRWAUJoVSXaCMytU7VXjv/2n/EVONyJjj5uR2yN1p5NRdPgNAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:33:41.547871Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2507.06125","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:bc32ef72c0206328ae3dcad2f0789b6dd498e6e5a5d5b1c0db7009a9ec4fc99a","sha256:079ef78d5ac7c2c94f0329cd9948b3a9c8614c885c9b5119f3581e7efc062b0c"],"state_sha256":"cc6a7d65119bbd5c2c972ff6bbbfd9ba4d7c02b98725270308a341b78ff17e0e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PyhLmSiTE9Rym0FjiYbPyx8LB9mIdupMVu437OgPb6xxTBh2eCw1rTj7P57N5bjBrQRs6agenHve5ZE7r0u0Ag==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T11:39:54.393621Z","bundle_sha256":"46c3bd9e1b0de90149e73d418a1be9ff06417e47cec57ed4e341dde78583d187"}}