{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX","short_pith_number":"pith:JBV6J65P","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1403.0015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2014-01-27T08:37:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"51f2c5025c874ede66c28fe1aa3ac67423ed295c159421dfd108ebacd7a16769","abstract_canon_sha256":"c28c71ee6d6c025471d9d9623a0b87d16b97dbcb844a9605a3816b47d71462f0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"486be4fbaf17e3c1dc9d4fa13331032df19e3d6c0b8f8f46598061fdc0ffd7d4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1403.0015","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1403.0015","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1403.0015v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1403.0015","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JBV6J65PC7R4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JBV6J65P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1403.0015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2014-01-27T08:37:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"51f2c5025c874ede66c28fe1aa3ac67423ed295c159421dfd108ebacd7a16769","abstract_canon_sha256":"c28c71ee6d6c025471d9d9623a0b87d16b97dbcb844a9605a3816b47d71462f0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"486be4fbaf17e3c1dc9d4fa13331032df19e3d6c0b8f8f46598061fdc0ffd7d4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40.241090Z","signature_b64":"9bXDOkuUmTan+yGzwEYMZDKLMrrrSyx3Ytv7bscWfb+xLSTerZX5sp2aKE5T2ZdzGyhoAz7mChk1Yw8b+B+CAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"486be4fbaf17e3c1dc9d4fa13331032df19e3d6c0b8f8f46598061fdc0ffd7d4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40.240679Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40.240679Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1403.0015","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MD4yQ+22FYhP6HBRbMKfcIoiAtiZtVPN3v79TKYrZ6mqXCGMMzyo3Yk5cbWnhpi6rs9FJ9DLT72jY4WxgODjDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T16:36:33.147761Z"},"content_sha256":"af818b6093f09322e88db573357b4b18ab177e7f656252ceff24e064ab9894ce","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:af818b6093f09322e88db573357b4b18ab177e7f656252ceff24e064ab9894ce"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Micro to macro models for income distribution in the absence and in the presence of tax evasion","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","authors_text":"Giovanni Modanese, Maria Letizia Bertotti","submitted_at":"2014-01-27T08:37:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"We investigate the effect of tax evasion on the income distribution and the inequality index of a society through a kinetic model described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model allows to compute the global outcome of binary and multiple microscopic interactions between individuals. When evasion occurs, both individuals involved in a binary interaction take advantage of it, while the rest of the society is deprived of a part of the planned redistribution. In general, the effect of evasion on the income distribution is to decrease the population of the middle classes "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1403.0015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3AwiKxTBpOYcrkrbkQmUTXrRKmW8X9tEmZ9h9DFHTDnNduUCcbrMsu/RUY6u9OTNi+pQfP5wn+J7TYGcPwwhBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T16:36:33.148114Z"},"content_sha256":"f36caba1c033b26d9df04381099b7918da5ba91b78d084426e7e61732a4cb5df","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f36caba1c033b26d9df04381099b7918da5ba91b78d084426e7e61732a4cb5df"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-23T16:36:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5J6QTGMIDFX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c28c71ee6d6c025471d9d9623a0b87d16b97dbcb844a9605a3816b47d71462f0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2014-01-27T08:37:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"51f2c5025c874ede66c28fe1aa3ac67423ed295c159421dfd108ebacd7a16769"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1403.0015","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1403.0015","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1403.0015v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1403.0015","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JBV6J65PC7R4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JBV6J65PC7R4DXE5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JBV6J65P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f36caba1c033b26d9df04381099b7918da5ba91b78d084426e7e61732a4cb5df","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We investigate the effect of tax evasion on the income distribution and the inequality index of a society through a kinetic model described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model allows to compute the global outcome of binary and multiple microscopic interactions between individuals. When evasion occurs, both individuals involved in a binary interaction take advantage of it, while the rest of the society is deprived of a part of the planned redistribution. In general, the effect of evasion on the income distribution is to decrease the population of the middle classes ","authors_text":"Giovanni Modanese, Maria Letizia Bertotti","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2014-01-27T08:37:47Z","title":"Micro to macro models for income distribution in the absence and in the presence of tax evasion"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1403.0015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:af818b6093f09322e88db573357b4b18ab177e7f656252ceff24e064ab9894ce","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c28c71ee6d6c025471d9d9623a0b87d16b97dbcb844a9605a3816b47d71462f0","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2014-01-27T08:37:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"51f2c5025c874ede66c28fe1aa3ac67423ed295c159421dfd108ebacd7a16769"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1403.0015","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"486be4fbaf17e3c1dc9d4fa13331032df19e3d6c0b8f8f46598061fdc0ffd7d4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"486be4fbaf17e3c1dc9d4fa13331032df19e3d6c0b8f8f46598061fdc0ffd7d4","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40.240679Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40.240679Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9bXDOkuUmTan+yGzwEYMZDKLMrrrSyx3Ytv7bscWfb+xLSTerZX5sp2aKE5T2ZdzGyhoAz7mChk1Yw8b+B+CAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:40.241090Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1403.0015","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:af818b6093f09322e88db573357b4b18ab177e7f656252ceff24e064ab9894ce","sha256:f36caba1c033b26d9df04381099b7918da5ba91b78d084426e7e61732a4cb5df"],"state_sha256":"a0b4c3825daec6068d0ac57dde2a05d8476f978a2287b7d4530899489b8eb405"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PMOyBxfwuI45QLBmPkGnDMXJXAWhZwtmk5IK8dofmWQedbCJcRg8koiUSeiJyuioLkvfwj5xEJh04X6qfZTHBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-23T16:36:33.150101Z","bundle_sha256":"f82f041b8b3174868fc151b2e92ea686e211f1ec4ca9d7939f50a447abee3e59"}}