{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ","short_pith_number":"pith:JDWIL33X","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2201.03121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-01-10T01:19:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"75faffc15972693d3f5a8df9f07ff6168dcbd0bf8cd2514777ee9624fde18f2f","abstract_canon_sha256":"2bbb65b95fee4a1a923a8baa9690c9e15655aa980e3992439e134d822701ce38"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"48ec85ef778eb48cc31a6f317aa4dc5c1904c00011a3a942d67144ca4de212aa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2201.03121","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2201.03121","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2201.03121v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2201.03121","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JDWIL33XR22I","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JDWIL33XR22IZQY2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JDWIL33X","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2201.03121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-01-10T01:19:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"75faffc15972693d3f5a8df9f07ff6168dcbd0bf8cd2514777ee9624fde18f2f","abstract_canon_sha256":"2bbb65b95fee4a1a923a8baa9690c9e15655aa980e3992439e134d822701ce38"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"48ec85ef778eb48cc31a6f317aa4dc5c1904c00011a3a942d67144ca4de212aa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06.203783Z","signature_b64":"nlA7FstZ29TcT4A1pPaSlauisiTKeSKdfCAXM88uQO5it0A6QtZjdEPy3t1jKhzMKsTfcV78BdMruLbEef/uBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"48ec85ef778eb48cc31a6f317aa4dc5c1904c00011a3a942d67144ca4de212aa","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06.203204Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06.203204Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2201.03121","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mhdOkEF2WByB56wuWaN4zM/IHNOp8151OW/jpekGa8JvqqP/JqEHzkG+1LLv4V4AxXaigoGwvuH64TjHLniXAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T04:37:43.565292Z"},"content_sha256":"19504f2c15711a43a3ca72b15e9ef47de093eedca583ac96e6e6c7b062d958c9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:19504f2c15711a43a3ca72b15e9ef47de093eedca583ac96e6e6c7b062d958c9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Information-Theoretic Bias Reduction via Causal View of Spurious Correlation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Bohyung Han, Joon-Young Lee, Seonguk Seo","submitted_at":"2022-01-10T01:19:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose an information-theoretic bias measurement technique through a causal interpretation of spurious correlation, which is effective to identify the feature-level algorithmic bias by taking advantage of conditional mutual information. Although several bias measurement methods have been proposed and widely investigated to achieve algorithmic fairness in various tasks such as face recognition, their accuracy- or logit-based metrics are susceptible to leading to trivial prediction score adjustment rather than fundamental bias reduction. Hence, we design a novel debiasing framework against t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2201.03121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2201.03121/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i3b9tgysWJcaYHGfu3Glszorb7bgO6zD7jKMMqUapE1v3Jh4PynF8MhfzM76rF/57ESQ+I6kf03Y+Czbj/xeDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T04:37:43.565788Z"},"content_sha256":"ac50644481fcc16fc99779433ef4b2bde8c7770631e6334ddc2968c672f2b46d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ac50644481fcc16fc99779433ef4b2bde8c7770631e6334ddc2968c672f2b46d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T04:37:43Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:JDWIL33XR22IZQY2N4YXVJG4LQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2bbb65b95fee4a1a923a8baa9690c9e15655aa980e3992439e134d822701ce38","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-01-10T01:19:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"75faffc15972693d3f5a8df9f07ff6168dcbd0bf8cd2514777ee9624fde18f2f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2201.03121","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2201.03121","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2201.03121v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2201.03121","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JDWIL33XR22I","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JDWIL33XR22IZQY2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JDWIL33X","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ac50644481fcc16fc99779433ef4b2bde8c7770631e6334ddc2968c672f2b46d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2201.03121/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose an information-theoretic bias measurement technique through a causal interpretation of spurious correlation, which is effective to identify the feature-level algorithmic bias by taking advantage of conditional mutual information. Although several bias measurement methods have been proposed and widely investigated to achieve algorithmic fairness in various tasks such as face recognition, their accuracy- or logit-based metrics are susceptible to leading to trivial prediction score adjustment rather than fundamental bias reduction. Hence, we design a novel debiasing framework against t","authors_text":"Bohyung Han, Joon-Young Lee, Seonguk Seo","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-01-10T01:19:31Z","title":"Information-Theoretic Bias Reduction via Causal View of Spurious Correlation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2201.03121","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:19504f2c15711a43a3ca72b15e9ef47de093eedca583ac96e6e6c7b062d958c9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2bbb65b95fee4a1a923a8baa9690c9e15655aa980e3992439e134d822701ce38","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-01-10T01:19:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"75faffc15972693d3f5a8df9f07ff6168dcbd0bf8cd2514777ee9624fde18f2f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2201.03121","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"48ec85ef778eb48cc31a6f317aa4dc5c1904c00011a3a942d67144ca4de212aa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"48ec85ef778eb48cc31a6f317aa4dc5c1904c00011a3a942d67144ca4de212aa","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06.203204Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06.203204Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"nlA7FstZ29TcT4A1pPaSlauisiTKeSKdfCAXM88uQO5it0A6QtZjdEPy3t1jKhzMKsTfcV78BdMruLbEef/uBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:47:06.203783Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2201.03121","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:19504f2c15711a43a3ca72b15e9ef47de093eedca583ac96e6e6c7b062d958c9","sha256:ac50644481fcc16fc99779433ef4b2bde8c7770631e6334ddc2968c672f2b46d"],"state_sha256":"863af84aafa10e7908ad9c2323edf9718321d8081b35fc6bff9c46d392f61bb8"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zJNv32snkjcjNS2lAOyyLQnEZvW/tJr3BgXbQq09yg0nbZs2ArzcceRhoxzDtTbKrtkkol/4uruMrNdqdH3QAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T04:37:43.569459Z","bundle_sha256":"266b177e7d51172766db2f8ff02738d516f9b55694ae36a404c2ccb974f4d0db"}}