{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU","short_pith_number":"pith:JGME67AZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1608.08524","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-08-30T15:59:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d7490af2c1c44c742aed8e38cf8b9cc7e02aba43013598204a462cbef8f91719","abstract_canon_sha256":"640fae4a589512575f14db42ffc7d7a0d5b1b671211faafd478c1bcd955c14c9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"49984f7c193b23ab5681f08c911d395d3a393f6e7c91fb11c07d947dc1c83f3f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1608.08524","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1608.08524","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1608.08524v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1608.08524","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JGME67AZHMR2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JGME67AZHMR2WVUB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JGME67AZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1608.08524","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-08-30T15:59:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d7490af2c1c44c742aed8e38cf8b9cc7e02aba43013598204a462cbef8f91719","abstract_canon_sha256":"640fae4a589512575f14db42ffc7d7a0d5b1b671211faafd478c1bcd955c14c9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"49984f7c193b23ab5681f08c911d395d3a393f6e7c91fb11c07d947dc1c83f3f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00.271276Z","signature_b64":"oSma8J7RmwhBVNNj8lzGXBw4n/LbmtRD/daidkMmk5EAKbVPJkxW0sFEK6ejJyVFCifeosXGoW38WdQj/TFRBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"49984f7c193b23ab5681f08c911d395d3a393f6e7c91fb11c07d947dc1c83f3f","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00.270533Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00.270533Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1608.08524","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+rWhjC5htTTa+wYZk9+ZfrykwUatMZajxg7cSZY+Q9kgY+6WXBWCAtBbx+mGKOvws84MuPesqVlhLNI1svbEDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T22:17:16.898026Z"},"content_sha256":"392f6418cdecbd65b68f0b4a4ec507afaa6d425deed542393c9965dd4911e740","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:392f6418cdecbd65b68f0b4a4ec507afaa6d425deed542393c9965dd4911e740"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Formation of plasma around a small meteoroid: 1. Kinetic theory","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","authors_text":"M. M. Oppenheim, Y. S. Dimant","submitted_at":"2016-08-30T15:59:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"Every second millions of small meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere producing dense plasmas. Radars easily detect these plasmas and researchers use this data to characterize both the meteoroids and the atmosphere. This paper develops a first-principle kinetic theory describing the behavior of particles, ablated from a fast-moving meteoroid, that colliside with the atmospheric molecules. This theory produces analytic expressions describing the spatial structure and velocity distributions of ions and neutrals near the ablating meteoroid. This analytical model will serve as a basis for a more "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1608.08524","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"w1O/O5FiQ76wrfAeWJn/I/6JbGMkPyb/bsGpjzP3r8fU0r5iq4x6Lo6SdKfaD6ExMF/Y5wBof100gwZ0m5s5Cw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T22:17:16.898468Z"},"content_sha256":"33cb0e1fb9c12c796ba16f7a190a3a637e4e0905ada4fcf6699774d85a3296a6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:33cb0e1fb9c12c796ba16f7a190a3a637e4e0905ada4fcf6699774d85a3296a6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-31T22:17:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:JGME67AZHMR2WVUB6CGJCHJZLU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"640fae4a589512575f14db42ffc7d7a0d5b1b671211faafd478c1bcd955c14c9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-08-30T15:59:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"d7490af2c1c44c742aed8e38cf8b9cc7e02aba43013598204a462cbef8f91719"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1608.08524","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1608.08524","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1608.08524v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1608.08524","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JGME67AZHMR2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JGME67AZHMR2WVUB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JGME67AZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:33cb0e1fb9c12c796ba16f7a190a3a637e4e0905ada4fcf6699774d85a3296a6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Every second millions of small meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere producing dense plasmas. Radars easily detect these plasmas and researchers use this data to characterize both the meteoroids and the atmosphere. This paper develops a first-principle kinetic theory describing the behavior of particles, ablated from a fast-moving meteoroid, that colliside with the atmospheric molecules. This theory produces analytic expressions describing the spatial structure and velocity distributions of ions and neutrals near the ablating meteoroid. This analytical model will serve as a basis for a more ","authors_text":"M. M. Oppenheim, Y. S. Dimant","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-08-30T15:59:25Z","title":"Formation of plasma around a small meteoroid: 1. Kinetic theory"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1608.08524","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:392f6418cdecbd65b68f0b4a4ec507afaa6d425deed542393c9965dd4911e740","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"640fae4a589512575f14db42ffc7d7a0d5b1b671211faafd478c1bcd955c14c9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.plasm-ph","submitted_at":"2016-08-30T15:59:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"d7490af2c1c44c742aed8e38cf8b9cc7e02aba43013598204a462cbef8f91719"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1608.08524","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"49984f7c193b23ab5681f08c911d395d3a393f6e7c91fb11c07d947dc1c83f3f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"49984f7c193b23ab5681f08c911d395d3a393f6e7c91fb11c07d947dc1c83f3f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00.270533Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00.270533Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"oSma8J7RmwhBVNNj8lzGXBw4n/LbmtRD/daidkMmk5EAKbVPJkxW0sFEK6ejJyVFCifeosXGoW38WdQj/TFRBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:44:00.271276Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1608.08524","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:392f6418cdecbd65b68f0b4a4ec507afaa6d425deed542393c9965dd4911e740","sha256:33cb0e1fb9c12c796ba16f7a190a3a637e4e0905ada4fcf6699774d85a3296a6"],"state_sha256":"a5f828f956cc88cfc35f9048cbe43c62e844d09c2d0c26874eb19b3b35964d80"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6YZhUk/+U9QDag31sDcNURSRNwL0TJChE9d7xsimzekUvDlsUkECsNmIR44LfI7B3PU9fWji6VsbDEsMqEMADg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T22:17:16.902002Z","bundle_sha256":"aa2d981823ddae38e97fa9edfaa77fd7d1db6fc8d84baa9bbf508e739bc3dacf"}}