{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX","short_pith_number":"pith:JGZ6FQTA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.12898","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-27T01:12:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"8a1360e28b3e5325d086e794539c76dc8d4ad6e87f8949d547261b3d32f9c71b","abstract_canon_sha256":"50e414def8d9b67a86297c423354d083659da95032d906f84972cf2689c9b88e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"49b3e2c26023734d926490d16098a93de948133ae60db8eede45333364b13ad2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2105.12898","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.12898","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.12898v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.12898","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JGZ6FQTAENZU","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JGZ6FQTA","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.12898","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-27T01:12:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"8a1360e28b3e5325d086e794539c76dc8d4ad6e87f8949d547261b3d32f9c71b","abstract_canon_sha256":"50e414def8d9b67a86297c423354d083659da95032d906f84972cf2689c9b88e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"49b3e2c26023734d926490d16098a93de948133ae60db8eede45333364b13ad2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45.348200Z","signature_b64":"13sgNlUqd1Jm2ibZRnsIeNiXcNlYsK0cZCoBx6DWrCN2SgcW+PuhhHtkYtDuhuELCYWScwu9cecX4YUcFcf7AA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"49b3e2c26023734d926490d16098a93de948133ae60db8eede45333364b13ad2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45.347790Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45.347790Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2105.12898","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9946z+ipaEjLn0GzXXhffE8TyumlvCL5aASO6U6WPtzFuZpi+XASp7347D2041JAVfPJGx2DkPlqXYze5DEfDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T17:07:22.125719Z"},"content_sha256":"e9e8cfa4a99c6001763053761a809be1d4c894647400797135fe94bfe0368a6a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e9e8cfa4a99c6001763053761a809be1d4c894647400797135fe94bfe0368a6a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Stochastic Intervention for Causal Effect Estimation","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Guandong Xu, Qian Li, Tri Dung Duong","submitted_at":"2021-05-27T01:12:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Causal inference methods are widely applied in various decision-making domains such as precision medicine, optimal policy and economics. Central to these applications is the treatment effect estimation of intervention strategies. Current estimation methods are mostly restricted to the deterministic treatment, which however, is unable to address the stochastic space treatment policies. Moreover, previous methods can only make binary yes-or-no decisions based on the treatment effect, lacking the capability of providing fine-grained effect estimation degree to explain the process of decision maki"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.12898","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2105.12898/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"krZJVezD8u03kppHDJhIkvY7KkXu7Nulswe12fna8Ap9jKnttwL1SPsS1/mGKdc9y1ayPSzyjmDtmzsx08TqDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T17:07:22.126693Z"},"content_sha256":"c16293214052ab536e267dd0b80db74c3cc1647ad5e860cdb31e364ef5d4ef80","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c16293214052ab536e267dd0b80db74c3cc1647ad5e860cdb31e364ef5d4ef80"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T17:07:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETESDIWBGFJHX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"50e414def8d9b67a86297c423354d083659da95032d906f84972cf2689c9b88e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-27T01:12:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"8a1360e28b3e5325d086e794539c76dc8d4ad6e87f8949d547261b3d32f9c71b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.12898","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.12898","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.12898v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.12898","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JGZ6FQTAENZU","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JGZ6FQTAENZU3ETE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JGZ6FQTA","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c16293214052ab536e267dd0b80db74c3cc1647ad5e860cdb31e364ef5d4ef80","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2105.12898/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Causal inference methods are widely applied in various decision-making domains such as precision medicine, optimal policy and economics. Central to these applications is the treatment effect estimation of intervention strategies. Current estimation methods are mostly restricted to the deterministic treatment, which however, is unable to address the stochastic space treatment policies. Moreover, previous methods can only make binary yes-or-no decisions based on the treatment effect, lacking the capability of providing fine-grained effect estimation degree to explain the process of decision maki","authors_text":"Guandong Xu, Qian Li, Tri Dung Duong","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-27T01:12:03Z","title":"Stochastic Intervention for Causal Effect Estimation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.12898","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e9e8cfa4a99c6001763053761a809be1d4c894647400797135fe94bfe0368a6a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"50e414def8d9b67a86297c423354d083659da95032d906f84972cf2689c9b88e","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2021-05-27T01:12:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"8a1360e28b3e5325d086e794539c76dc8d4ad6e87f8949d547261b3d32f9c71b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.12898","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"49b3e2c26023734d926490d16098a93de948133ae60db8eede45333364b13ad2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"49b3e2c26023734d926490d16098a93de948133ae60db8eede45333364b13ad2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45.347790Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45.347790Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"13sgNlUqd1Jm2ibZRnsIeNiXcNlYsK0cZCoBx6DWrCN2SgcW+PuhhHtkYtDuhuELCYWScwu9cecX4YUcFcf7AA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:43:45.348200Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2105.12898","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e9e8cfa4a99c6001763053761a809be1d4c894647400797135fe94bfe0368a6a","sha256:c16293214052ab536e267dd0b80db74c3cc1647ad5e860cdb31e364ef5d4ef80"],"state_sha256":"39ea7d79cd46878c5f01d15a8b37079b98c0c066df8f71fd1ba2f4a4483bf218"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vQAK6mJUOravIIuGhGu4EOlZU/svfjqru1FFv6w+XtaqqLPz7gU7nIaaF9BqbNUULX5FX44vDsNPKLe0Dwr8AQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T17:07:22.134650Z","bundle_sha256":"8de8cd852d1b33b7146ac5fd0df1723b457a9096d07132bad6014992074da456"}}