{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH","short_pith_number":"pith:JKTLGQ6B","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2306.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":8},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-24T12:48:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c02c076b82a74714a194be096d7bf15008200311208b7cb72639f97ec390ca37","abstract_canon_sha256":"3636736fa6f217788791383be7922ecb579adb267a4b1c1220ac0dcd6b382cde"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4aa6b343c11cbd9c593c43346b736329d56a15af5b9fb88775ba171ebbf422a3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2306.13952","version":8},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2306.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2306.13952v8","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JKTLGQ6BDS6Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JKTLGQ6B","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2306.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":8},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-24T12:48:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c02c076b82a74714a194be096d7bf15008200311208b7cb72639f97ec390ca37","abstract_canon_sha256":"3636736fa6f217788791383be7922ecb579adb267a4b1c1220ac0dcd6b382cde"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4aa6b343c11cbd9c593c43346b736329d56a15af5b9fb88775ba171ebbf422a3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28.620235Z","signature_b64":"ZJpczr+8QBfltxKpIXCgLMi3kxy52QZ2+HUn15g38p/Iw+OHgZU86W+2+9N3UKF9U+i1zz/nOvVcIdpkLJMKBQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4aa6b343c11cbd9c593c43346b736329d56a15af5b9fb88775ba171ebbf422a3","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28.619792Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28.619792Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2306.13952","source_version":8,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TXl6VELIuUXHk+/A2qarv3oxlsBi6EuvKCTWHkoVFWmKwxLmdy7FmRzZ19JI8WIr4YmD0y81q5rTZg/IRlMoDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T00:42:14.101226Z"},"content_sha256":"25938de42676d9ce9525b94f7042a905cda1f3529d4910ef1f0f83395dd9dc4c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:25938de42676d9ce9525b94f7042a905cda1f3529d4910ef1f0f83395dd9dc4c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Artificial intelligence and biological misuse: Differentiating risks of language models and biological design tools","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Jonas B. Sandbrink","submitted_at":"2023-06-24T12:48:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"As advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) propel progress in the life sciences, they may also enable the weaponisation and misuse of biological agents. This article differentiates two classes of AI tools that could pose such biosecurity risks: large language models (LLMs) and biological design tools (BDTs). LLMs, such as GPT-4 and its successors, might provide dual-use information and thus remove some barriers encountered by historical biological weapons efforts. As LLMs are turned into multi-modal lab assistants and autonomous science tools, this will increase their ability to support n"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":8},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2306.13952/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3Xy+vewzQWpIHOj76JU1Uzr90GjZbE5PoCNQjfUKw6OTleExOI1aBoQF6xqTDW6s2XUJfkYHOBHGkK+T4GqnBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T00:42:14.102222Z"},"content_sha256":"2b7e13be863a96cb0e395066e724002f25197f79bbb30420398c9781c7c87e0f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2b7e13be863a96cb0e395066e724002f25197f79bbb30420398c9781c7c87e0f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T00:42:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4IM2GW43DFH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3636736fa6f217788791383be7922ecb579adb267a4b1c1220ac0dcd6b382cde","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-24T12:48:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"c02c076b82a74714a194be096d7bf15008200311208b7cb72639f97ec390ca37"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2306.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":8}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2306.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2306.13952v8","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.13952","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JKTLGQ6BDS6Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JKTLGQ6BDS6ZYWJ4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JKTLGQ6B","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2b7e13be863a96cb0e395066e724002f25197f79bbb30420398c9781c7c87e0f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2306.13952/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"As advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) propel progress in the life sciences, they may also enable the weaponisation and misuse of biological agents. This article differentiates two classes of AI tools that could pose such biosecurity risks: large language models (LLMs) and biological design tools (BDTs). LLMs, such as GPT-4 and its successors, might provide dual-use information and thus remove some barriers encountered by historical biological weapons efforts. As LLMs are turned into multi-modal lab assistants and autonomous science tools, this will increase their ability to support n","authors_text":"Jonas B. Sandbrink","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-24T12:48:49Z","title":"Artificial intelligence and biological misuse: Differentiating risks of language models and biological design tools"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":8},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:25938de42676d9ce9525b94f7042a905cda1f3529d4910ef1f0f83395dd9dc4c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3636736fa6f217788791383be7922ecb579adb267a4b1c1220ac0dcd6b382cde","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2023-06-24T12:48:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"c02c076b82a74714a194be096d7bf15008200311208b7cb72639f97ec390ca37"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2306.13952","kind":"arxiv","version":8}},"canonical_sha256":"4aa6b343c11cbd9c593c43346b736329d56a15af5b9fb88775ba171ebbf422a3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4aa6b343c11cbd9c593c43346b736329d56a15af5b9fb88775ba171ebbf422a3","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28.619792Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28.619792Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ZJpczr+8QBfltxKpIXCgLMi3kxy52QZ2+HUn15g38p/Iw+OHgZU86W+2+9N3UKF9U+i1zz/nOvVcIdpkLJMKBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:28:28.620235Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2306.13952","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":8}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:25938de42676d9ce9525b94f7042a905cda1f3529d4910ef1f0f83395dd9dc4c","sha256:2b7e13be863a96cb0e395066e724002f25197f79bbb30420398c9781c7c87e0f"],"state_sha256":"c36de0fe69ac673614a303a1ae1353e98e4b642c83d733860382c0ee189c52bf"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9ix1m+w+4+fqvYH+QsEqaMxdmmSyhDnqFXo+4mHABh+Jc/0jQEck+WxA3ikjQ4z//yXyzaZnprvoDl2m0TjPAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T00:42:14.107480Z","bundle_sha256":"fe32dcc67af1e46938b51e3fcffdc329a3c978b63cba98466743556d122a96cc"}}