{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP","short_pith_number":"pith:JNNWZMSH","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2510.06974","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-10-08T13:00:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d986bb297f031b697991464cef906f8be23e74df1bcfa508dadde383839644f8","abstract_canon_sha256":"21da05a93d9a5f83f23b6b66e118dea27eeed745bd6f9c24230cc21cb8854ea6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4b5b6cb247f1a0b23cd6102b550ff25be3a5ab9d6628813a9120b0c6a86236f8","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2510.06974","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2510.06974","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2510.06974v2","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.06974","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JNNWZMSH6GQL","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGW","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JNNWZMSH","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2510.06974","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-10-08T13:00:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d986bb297f031b697991464cef906f8be23e74df1bcfa508dadde383839644f8","abstract_canon_sha256":"21da05a93d9a5f83f23b6b66e118dea27eeed745bd6f9c24230cc21cb8854ea6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4b5b6cb247f1a0b23cd6102b550ff25be3a5ab9d6628813a9120b0c6a86236f8","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31.432549Z","signature_b64":"URAX+hpAdOpRdUtVkK+HaCprrL0Wd1NukXP4LLKXfgK6Zn2B6ziFG/plFZqtPcg3ZLl3HNRnaxIulmplDTmTCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4b5b6cb247f1a0b23cd6102b550ff25be3a5ab9d6628813a9120b0c6a86236f8","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31.431973Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31.431973Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2510.06974","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/kLYh20S/0z49OChiw5W3HigMrM2li6ERBWdHYhdEQhmmC+nnnBssFHMgJfxwFd1FKVlsLuh6NNiQVYwGw9RBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T01:29:45.281089Z"},"content_sha256":"6c679b8810b5398bf443df2c51ec24bfdaaebe9e498ca6af768cfd370be5466a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6c679b8810b5398bf443df2c51ec24bfdaaebe9e498ca6af768cfd370be5466a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Probing Social Identity Bias in Chinese LLMs with Gendered Pronouns and Social Groups","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Feng Li, Francesco Pierri, Geng Liu, Junjie Mu, Mengxiao Zhu","submitted_at":"2025-10-08T13:00:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in user-facing applications, raising concerns that they may reflect and amplify social biases. We investigate social identity biases in Chinese LLMs using Mandarin-specific prompts across ten representative models. Our evaluation compares ingroup (\"We\") and outgroup (\"They\") framings across 240 social groups salient in the Chinese context, using a two-tiered measurement framework that assesses both sentiment and toxicity. The prompt design explicitly accounts for linguistic properties of Mandarin, including the distinction between the defa"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2510.06974","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2510.06974/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7xC4MBCGKMvJoFusBhtSpYClLGJxmrwbfvLM4pU+dL/hR6wyRjKdpmanpdUgOYKMp+wvLpllL3Z8FsG1yjQABA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T01:29:45.281938Z"},"content_sha256":"03c74c085dd95803ca496b0acaaa3cefc711195e00fd90924cdae1bee3c537cb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:03c74c085dd95803ca496b0acaaa3cefc711195e00fd90924cdae1bee3c537cb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-01T01:29:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGWCAVVKD7SLP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"21da05a93d9a5f83f23b6b66e118dea27eeed745bd6f9c24230cc21cb8854ea6","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-10-08T13:00:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"d986bb297f031b697991464cef906f8be23e74df1bcfa508dadde383839644f8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2510.06974","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2510.06974","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2510.06974v2","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.06974","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JNNWZMSH6GQL","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JNNWZMSH6GQLEPGW","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JNNWZMSH","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:03c74c085dd95803ca496b0acaaa3cefc711195e00fd90924cdae1bee3c537cb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2510.06974/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in user-facing applications, raising concerns that they may reflect and amplify social biases. We investigate social identity biases in Chinese LLMs using Mandarin-specific prompts across ten representative models. Our evaluation compares ingroup (\"We\") and outgroup (\"They\") framings across 240 social groups salient in the Chinese context, using a two-tiered measurement framework that assesses both sentiment and toxicity. The prompt design explicitly accounts for linguistic properties of Mandarin, including the distinction between the defa","authors_text":"Feng Li, Francesco Pierri, Geng Liu, Junjie Mu, Mengxiao Zhu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-10-08T13:00:12Z","title":"Probing Social Identity Bias in Chinese LLMs with Gendered Pronouns and Social Groups"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2510.06974","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:6c679b8810b5398bf443df2c51ec24bfdaaebe9e498ca6af768cfd370be5466a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"21da05a93d9a5f83f23b6b66e118dea27eeed745bd6f9c24230cc21cb8854ea6","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2025-10-08T13:00:12Z","title_canon_sha256":"d986bb297f031b697991464cef906f8be23e74df1bcfa508dadde383839644f8"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2510.06974","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"4b5b6cb247f1a0b23cd6102b550ff25be3a5ab9d6628813a9120b0c6a86236f8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4b5b6cb247f1a0b23cd6102b550ff25be3a5ab9d6628813a9120b0c6a86236f8","first_computed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31.431973Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31.431973Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"URAX+hpAdOpRdUtVkK+HaCprrL0Wd1NukXP4LLKXfgK6Zn2B6ziFG/plFZqtPcg3ZLl3HNRnaxIulmplDTmTCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-28T01:04:31.432549Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2510.06974","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:6c679b8810b5398bf443df2c51ec24bfdaaebe9e498ca6af768cfd370be5466a","sha256:03c74c085dd95803ca496b0acaaa3cefc711195e00fd90924cdae1bee3c537cb"],"state_sha256":"b582ec01aa1cf70352b4ee508f9c87207e4460133a22e6966b30a8dac20d47f5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Z7z+ZP2YZsOlWbQE/goHbIS0m7o1w0OLVyhEP+scCG2iH4eneg/UE0PRq4eUKRU3QczrM+FL1HcfnEEiBzD1DA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T01:29:45.286707Z","bundle_sha256":"efa519b0987788b149cfe109c638fd749736253c986856263e18bf2cbd4d92d8"}}