{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7","short_pith_number":"pith:JOYFGOD4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1611.03448","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-11-10T19:05:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"689c91a931c860bcb52955369cdbd6c8e6109a233edb76b93adff8dc93627e64","abstract_canon_sha256":"5e8a3c4b10506102273fad48e5854c9fbf2a0311464989f2afd336370ab978dd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4bb053387c316b7220b874f21c1679bfe0fb76b17d357cf9856c32b6c2991299","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1611.03448","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1611.03448","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1611.03448v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1611.03448","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JOYFGOD4GFVX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JOYFGOD4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1611.03448","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-11-10T19:05:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"689c91a931c860bcb52955369cdbd6c8e6109a233edb76b93adff8dc93627e64","abstract_canon_sha256":"5e8a3c4b10506102273fad48e5854c9fbf2a0311464989f2afd336370ab978dd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4bb053387c316b7220b874f21c1679bfe0fb76b17d357cf9856c32b6c2991299","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35.221516Z","signature_b64":"QvNp95181QjUAftH0ShSTi4+NN2X+k4J9TIWF0BCNiUN4RFXuFh8Ay3wZmXHP0yoeBDcImQ0LOe/IC6tScm8Bw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4bb053387c316b7220b874f21c1679bfe0fb76b17d357cf9856c32b6c2991299","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35.220868Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35.220868Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1611.03448","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lx3H70Gm9ttdACotT9ekWZv1cTXHEDjJjvt22QlHSuHodz4JwBkP7I8Xh4syQocXJc8/8nOS2KuDDvK/OhaQDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T18:59:48.279063Z"},"content_sha256":"d706e1fc6d1e4ff977dec15e71e77ac0b46688a120af5fa4a1770d96107db1a4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d706e1fc6d1e4ff977dec15e71e77ac0b46688a120af5fa4a1770d96107db1a4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Method to study student engagement uniformity in a classroom","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"George C. Cardoso","submitted_at":"2016-11-10T19:05:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present a method to study engagement level uniformity in a class of students. We validate our method by comparing two semesters taught using different methods in a physics and mathematics course. The first semester used conventional methods while the second semester used graphic spreadsheets-based laboratories and homework before the introduction of formal methods. We found that engagement of the students that were below the median at the beginning of the semester improved by an order of magnitude (by our metric) while the engagement level of students initially above the median did not chan"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1611.03448","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IS94pWpyHRRkqvgIOKHDc3v9RdtXyHZ2cO7HN6Ybtg4HFYnmYWuleBtAhN/CjwE1IXaUXZRY2u/FrOifB6ClAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T18:59:48.279418Z"},"content_sha256":"4bae634bc1d38038dc74717f21908495001254babc0b91b423fcf053db7a8d6a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4bae634bc1d38038dc74717f21908495001254babc0b91b423fcf053db7a8d6a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T18:59:48Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFYOTZBYFTZX7","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5e8a3c4b10506102273fad48e5854c9fbf2a0311464989f2afd336370ab978dd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-11-10T19:05:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"689c91a931c860bcb52955369cdbd6c8e6109a233edb76b93adff8dc93627e64"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1611.03448","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1611.03448","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1611.03448v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1611.03448","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JOYFGOD4GFVX","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JOYFGOD4GFVXEIFY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JOYFGOD4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4bae634bc1d38038dc74717f21908495001254babc0b91b423fcf053db7a8d6a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present a method to study engagement level uniformity in a class of students. We validate our method by comparing two semesters taught using different methods in a physics and mathematics course. The first semester used conventional methods while the second semester used graphic spreadsheets-based laboratories and homework before the introduction of formal methods. We found that engagement of the students that were below the median at the beginning of the semester improved by an order of magnitude (by our metric) while the engagement level of students initially above the median did not chan","authors_text":"George C. Cardoso","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-11-10T19:05:58Z","title":"Method to study student engagement uniformity in a classroom"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1611.03448","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d706e1fc6d1e4ff977dec15e71e77ac0b46688a120af5fa4a1770d96107db1a4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5e8a3c4b10506102273fad48e5854c9fbf2a0311464989f2afd336370ab978dd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-11-10T19:05:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"689c91a931c860bcb52955369cdbd6c8e6109a233edb76b93adff8dc93627e64"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1611.03448","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4bb053387c316b7220b874f21c1679bfe0fb76b17d357cf9856c32b6c2991299","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4bb053387c316b7220b874f21c1679bfe0fb76b17d357cf9856c32b6c2991299","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35.220868Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35.220868Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QvNp95181QjUAftH0ShSTi4+NN2X+k4J9TIWF0BCNiUN4RFXuFh8Ay3wZmXHP0yoeBDcImQ0LOe/IC6tScm8Bw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:35.221516Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1611.03448","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d706e1fc6d1e4ff977dec15e71e77ac0b46688a120af5fa4a1770d96107db1a4","sha256:4bae634bc1d38038dc74717f21908495001254babc0b91b423fcf053db7a8d6a"],"state_sha256":"919fcaec04a45cf570df0ea7a085fb9e3e8fbf76226cc4bc3a4216712c92417f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DywbSKhwX43/Pv+DT0rqB/4V4NVVpriHRor1Bx2/WaCzz7TNDoSNshdV4Pu0Lxx4lISpKse+ZC7f9QJIJ0erAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T18:59:48.282014Z","bundle_sha256":"a0636f48b2dcb570be378ce80e6955be110e642fe13d23ef722d2d0ee0197082"}}