{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ","short_pith_number":"pith:JSJY74W7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1802.03901","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-02-12T05:55:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"b78f56daab899563e381848655b057b447449158d69eb9f02fb4546efafdb397","abstract_canon_sha256":"50d9bc06b9e44a02540f93ffc2d7a276d7112a7b058cfcbd5bd0a471eb518649"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4c938ff2dfe5025c685c397881925a0e53ef126242b9d8124daf1669ce98fb07","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1802.03901","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1802.03901","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1802.03901v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1802.03901","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JSJY74W74UBF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JSJY74W74UBFY2C4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JSJY74W7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1802.03901","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-02-12T05:55:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"b78f56daab899563e381848655b057b447449158d69eb9f02fb4546efafdb397","abstract_canon_sha256":"50d9bc06b9e44a02540f93ffc2d7a276d7112a7b058cfcbd5bd0a471eb518649"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4c938ff2dfe5025c685c397881925a0e53ef126242b9d8124daf1669ce98fb07","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46.285120Z","signature_b64":"8A8yODWs+4UzHKlLyf+67OugCZtjepOyaKkvLCqSN7KB5CdINrKHHc8p/2LzHJ4med/GCUhboEqaUj9U1q5LAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4c938ff2dfe5025c685c397881925a0e53ef126242b9d8124daf1669ce98fb07","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46.284678Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46.284678Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1802.03901","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nTjWk8Ma8NPeOiwt+9WTpri2njI/xKCYOnnsVk/riUVVBr2ZXZ8+4GDzVHiJ1z2eiwp9bc0g5y8sfXF41e9ZCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T04:23:25.760436Z"},"content_sha256":"d869593faeb59a166429b4f08b435c4e3a060d29284250c5333c37314ca71d63","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d869593faeb59a166429b4f08b435c4e3a060d29284250c5333c37314ca71d63"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Network Overload due to Massive Attacks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","authors_text":"Benjamin Kadish, Gabriel Cwilich, Gilad Barach, Mark Tuchman, Sergey V. Buldyrev, Yosef Kornbluth","submitted_at":"2018-02-12T05:55:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"We study the cascading failure of networks due to overload, using the betweenness centrality of a node as the measure of its load following the Motter and Lai model. We study the fraction of survived nodes at the end of the cascade $p_f$ as function of the strength of the initial attack, measured by the fraction of nodes $p$, which survive the initial attack for different values of tolerance $\\alpha$ in random regular and Erd\\\"os-Renyi graphs. We find the existence of first order phase transition line $p_t(\\alpha)$ on a $p-\\alpha$ plane, such that if $p <p_t$ the cascade of failures lead to a "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1802.03901","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FiFrK5biJ4CH2APv9Ff8oLT5c81foE29etyJC7ND5A2U86HxG32i31gRbUNQxAe4qFi3ANzYtYpKO67QcOCfAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T04:23:25.761156Z"},"content_sha256":"ccb9b2171a3c5e3470ed7c12b50061300ca751d378dd2bbc970442535a69e09c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ccb9b2171a3c5e3470ed7c12b50061300ca751d378dd2bbc970442535a69e09c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-09T04:23:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:JSJY74W74UBFY2C4HF4IDES2BZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"50d9bc06b9e44a02540f93ffc2d7a276d7112a7b058cfcbd5bd0a471eb518649","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-02-12T05:55:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"b78f56daab899563e381848655b057b447449158d69eb9f02fb4546efafdb397"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1802.03901","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1802.03901","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1802.03901v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1802.03901","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JSJY74W74UBF","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JSJY74W74UBFY2C4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JSJY74W7","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ccb9b2171a3c5e3470ed7c12b50061300ca751d378dd2bbc970442535a69e09c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We study the cascading failure of networks due to overload, using the betweenness centrality of a node as the measure of its load following the Motter and Lai model. We study the fraction of survived nodes at the end of the cascade $p_f$ as function of the strength of the initial attack, measured by the fraction of nodes $p$, which survive the initial attack for different values of tolerance $\\alpha$ in random regular and Erd\\\"os-Renyi graphs. We find the existence of first order phase transition line $p_t(\\alpha)$ on a $p-\\alpha$ plane, such that if $p <p_t$ the cascade of failures lead to a ","authors_text":"Benjamin Kadish, Gabriel Cwilich, Gilad Barach, Mark Tuchman, Sergey V. Buldyrev, Yosef Kornbluth","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-02-12T05:55:05Z","title":"Network Overload due to Massive Attacks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1802.03901","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d869593faeb59a166429b4f08b435c4e3a060d29284250c5333c37314ca71d63","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"50d9bc06b9e44a02540f93ffc2d7a276d7112a7b058cfcbd5bd0a471eb518649","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-02-12T05:55:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"b78f56daab899563e381848655b057b447449158d69eb9f02fb4546efafdb397"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1802.03901","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4c938ff2dfe5025c685c397881925a0e53ef126242b9d8124daf1669ce98fb07","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4c938ff2dfe5025c685c397881925a0e53ef126242b9d8124daf1669ce98fb07","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46.284678Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46.284678Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"8A8yODWs+4UzHKlLyf+67OugCZtjepOyaKkvLCqSN7KB5CdINrKHHc8p/2LzHJ4med/GCUhboEqaUj9U1q5LAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:46.285120Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1802.03901","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d869593faeb59a166429b4f08b435c4e3a060d29284250c5333c37314ca71d63","sha256:ccb9b2171a3c5e3470ed7c12b50061300ca751d378dd2bbc970442535a69e09c"],"state_sha256":"fae94ae78e041849a9c625f7b8d10790c735dd416bb8a06a460c0b00ea85834c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VmAbGoR21E41dfABm4gWLJcaVZatcSp2ZLM2GnhgHdPpY2nkrBGDzxqbzHuR35ZsGyhY0Jt5JsklGCn/PS3RDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T04:23:25.765524Z","bundle_sha256":"9f18547c6c718427242c499df4b2dcff9c01d64f780780c1a66de443168d4738"}}