{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO","short_pith_number":"pith:JV4HDMDA","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.01624","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-08-03T16:51:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"52665c2cd88df17e8e5e3636d9d37d53b3012c55cf5484fee29250e7925904fb","abstract_canon_sha256":"0c8dcee736cb16d153c2d484c4d78bfd8a77177a39bd8d381788441bd5ee4eaa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4d7871b060ed65342785a135d42aee33a994d5d261073f61d32a5ac3ad99314e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2108.01624","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.01624","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.01624v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.01624","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JV4HDMDA5VST","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4F","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JV4HDMDA","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.01624","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-08-03T16:51:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CR"],"title_canon_sha256":"52665c2cd88df17e8e5e3636d9d37d53b3012c55cf5484fee29250e7925904fb","abstract_canon_sha256":"0c8dcee736cb16d153c2d484c4d78bfd8a77177a39bd8d381788441bd5ee4eaa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4d7871b060ed65342785a135d42aee33a994d5d261073f61d32a5ac3ad99314e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04.720258Z","signature_b64":"PQ8e5UJux9Gf4QpUFtNn9xlOuVWepgMbxKe+A3C+SGXiwxRFsRRwzTYFHKdg0taR+bUQq6Bv2Q8DB64Yr4xmAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4d7871b060ed65342785a135d42aee33a994d5d261073f61d32a5ac3ad99314e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04.719728Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04.719728Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2108.01624","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"S1CxZ+3G2sVcXMwqnF7++Mttfc9CoM96mLMRfgj3APu9STlgFwq//r3OVhx/zR2ACzzzzB9SfcqmFstAV7rACA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T11:46:41.109312Z"},"content_sha256":"d35187e6f78f0ef11ea3c252d75e58b146f453b9587c002b747193a229595b01","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d35187e6f78f0ef11ea3c252d75e58b146f453b9587c002b747193a229595b01"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Large-Scale Differentially Private BERT","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.CR"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Badih Ghazi, Pasin Manurangsi, Ravi Kumar, Rohan Anil, Vineet Gupta","submitted_at":"2021-08-03T16:51:36Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this work, we study the large-scale pretraining of BERT-Large with differentially private SGD (DP-SGD). We show that combined with a careful implementation, scaling up the batch size to millions (i.e., mega-batches) improves the utility of the DP-SGD step for BERT; we also enhance its efficiency by using an increasing batch size schedule. Our implementation builds on the recent work of [SVK20], who demonstrated that the overhead of a DP-SGD step is minimized with effective use of JAX [BFH+18, FJL18] primitives in conjunction with the XLA compiler [XLA17]. Our implementation achieves a maske"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.01624","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2108.01624/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tav02ChZ9l+quM/xxKC5Qa68jllx14oHK6yHMXtvTjY3AyYOzzqwwCu5YYf31OB5+3ElmaUFELxMMeDSX7I0DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T11:46:41.109803Z"},"content_sha256":"44a407deb82c049527be16663a96f32050aac337a228afd509437984bdc55c7d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:44a407deb82c049527be16663a96f32050aac337a228afd509437984bdc55c7d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T11:46:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4FUE25IKXOGO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0c8dcee736cb16d153c2d484c4d78bfd8a77177a39bd8d381788441bd5ee4eaa","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-08-03T16:51:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"52665c2cd88df17e8e5e3636d9d37d53b3012c55cf5484fee29250e7925904fb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.01624","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.01624","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.01624v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.01624","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"JV4HDMDA5VST","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"JV4HDMDA5VSTIJ4F","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"JV4HDMDA","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:44a407deb82c049527be16663a96f32050aac337a228afd509437984bdc55c7d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2108.01624/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this work, we study the large-scale pretraining of BERT-Large with differentially private SGD (DP-SGD). We show that combined with a careful implementation, scaling up the batch size to millions (i.e., mega-batches) improves the utility of the DP-SGD step for BERT; we also enhance its efficiency by using an increasing batch size schedule. Our implementation builds on the recent work of [SVK20], who demonstrated that the overhead of a DP-SGD step is minimized with effective use of JAX [BFH+18, FJL18] primitives in conjunction with the XLA compiler [XLA17]. Our implementation achieves a maske","authors_text":"Badih Ghazi, Pasin Manurangsi, Ravi Kumar, Rohan Anil, Vineet Gupta","cross_cats":["cs.CL","cs.CR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-08-03T16:51:36Z","title":"Large-Scale Differentially Private BERT"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.01624","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d35187e6f78f0ef11ea3c252d75e58b146f453b9587c002b747193a229595b01","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0c8dcee736cb16d153c2d484c4d78bfd8a77177a39bd8d381788441bd5ee4eaa","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","cs.CR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-08-03T16:51:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"52665c2cd88df17e8e5e3636d9d37d53b3012c55cf5484fee29250e7925904fb"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.01624","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"4d7871b060ed65342785a135d42aee33a994d5d261073f61d32a5ac3ad99314e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4d7871b060ed65342785a135d42aee33a994d5d261073f61d32a5ac3ad99314e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04.719728Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04.719728Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"PQ8e5UJux9Gf4QpUFtNn9xlOuVWepgMbxKe+A3C+SGXiwxRFsRRwzTYFHKdg0taR+bUQq6Bv2Q8DB64Yr4xmAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:03:04.720258Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2108.01624","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d35187e6f78f0ef11ea3c252d75e58b146f453b9587c002b747193a229595b01","sha256:44a407deb82c049527be16663a96f32050aac337a228afd509437984bdc55c7d"],"state_sha256":"f5cd0c897a5b5a31ac4de0d7a8afffd114f1632d1be29ecdec76ad3279000aa5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RYYaKg/UuugZo1vDub10lumjG4jHCOO2edRS4ByYAUqP5keXKCCgcVVRDtM6u7W7sA5sF/s1RUCGH35TqWLaCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T11:46:41.113695Z","bundle_sha256":"332b54e1d8d7d635fd2b04088ef22f09a0c3d8bd6f315cb28831eb305acb6860"}}