{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L","short_pith_number":"pith:K6CLU33Z","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1701.04177","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2017-01-16T06:00:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"3b4197ec0e048c38d6b24a41c6bc57470b63ee0399812f4846b9d9e6cfa91e37","abstract_canon_sha256":"1138c7d8ca6bf2013d509c315db0a10c480267a33509dc6e8efabb73a65627bd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1701.04177","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1701.04177","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1701.04177v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1701.04177","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"K6CLU33ZIVF6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"K6CLU33Z","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:24Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1701.04177","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2017-01-16T06:00:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.TH"],"title_canon_sha256":"3b4197ec0e048c38d6b24a41c6bc57470b63ee0399812f4846b9d9e6cfa91e37","abstract_canon_sha256":"1138c7d8ca6bf2013d509c315db0a10c480267a33509dc6e8efabb73a65627bd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47.611103Z","signature_b64":"RqUFJSc/IOenl1pmc4XTBXbvVq4+FzRG/t/EEptO1S52nwXt0PLtDT7kwilSiCib7NzsG/G6r5sQDApddBGKCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47.610391Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47.610391Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1701.04177","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8xc3dGffAMUc+8Qc7z/exN/dxjTSa10pP73ihKW/WfbDHnt5J6Iv0hcFmKs9Q71zdjihjkZY0ODiuFDrP145Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T20:26:39.912381Z"},"content_sha256":"4057416b3023d0c43b0b5453059d40a5df8e1525addc119babbf6c44458bfb98","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4057416b3023d0c43b0b5453059d40a5df8e1525addc119babbf6c44458bfb98"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Instrumental variables as bias amplifiers with general outcome and confounding","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.AP","stat.TH"],"primary_cat":"math.ST","authors_text":"James Robins, Peng Ding, Tyler VanderWeele","submitted_at":"2017-01-16T06:00:36Z","abstract_excerpt":"Drawing causal inference with observational studies is the central pillar of many disciplines. One sufficient condition for identifying the causal effect is that the treatment-outcome relationship is unconfounded conditional on the observed covariates. It is often believed that the more covariates we condition on, the more plausible this unconfoundedness assumption is. This belief has had a huge impact on practical causal inference, suggesting that we should adjust for all pretreatment covariates. However, when there is unmeasured confounding between the treatment and outcome, estimators adjus"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1701.04177","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1aZOmDJzCsMmOXEuLgmE0Lt3QxF8sUXMhFvf7FWvAkL+sogmtptBn7osYFQjJ3jpXVn75hoHiE4teBhaqYffBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T20:26:39.912758Z"},"content_sha256":"158e3922ec20f9da453b1dc51840a6b1f3ed199a3dbfc090f6fa09e8eacf9e24","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:158e3922ec20f9da453b1dc51840a6b1f3ed199a3dbfc090f6fa09e8eacf9e24"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T20:26:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2TRCOAEZW3L","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1138c7d8ca6bf2013d509c315db0a10c480267a33509dc6e8efabb73a65627bd","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2017-01-16T06:00:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"3b4197ec0e048c38d6b24a41c6bc57470b63ee0399812f4846b9d9e6cfa91e37"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1701.04177","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1701.04177","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1701.04177v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1701.04177","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"K6CLU33ZIVF6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"K6CLU33ZIVF6FBW2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"K6CLU33Z","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:158e3922ec20f9da453b1dc51840a6b1f3ed199a3dbfc090f6fa09e8eacf9e24","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Drawing causal inference with observational studies is the central pillar of many disciplines. One sufficient condition for identifying the causal effect is that the treatment-outcome relationship is unconfounded conditional on the observed covariates. It is often believed that the more covariates we condition on, the more plausible this unconfoundedness assumption is. This belief has had a huge impact on practical causal inference, suggesting that we should adjust for all pretreatment covariates. However, when there is unmeasured confounding between the treatment and outcome, estimators adjus","authors_text":"James Robins, Peng Ding, Tyler VanderWeele","cross_cats":["stat.AP","stat.TH"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2017-01-16T06:00:36Z","title":"Instrumental variables as bias amplifiers with general outcome and confounding"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1701.04177","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4057416b3023d0c43b0b5453059d40a5df8e1525addc119babbf6c44458bfb98","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1138c7d8ca6bf2013d509c315db0a10c480267a33509dc6e8efabb73a65627bd","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP","stat.TH"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.ST","submitted_at":"2017-01-16T06:00:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"3b4197ec0e048c38d6b24a41c6bc57470b63ee0399812f4846b9d9e6cfa91e37"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1701.04177","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5784ba6f79454be286da9c44e01336dad32b921f38cdf0d23807b643b6a44198","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47.610391Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47.610391Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"RqUFJSc/IOenl1pmc4XTBXbvVq4+FzRG/t/EEptO1S52nwXt0PLtDT7kwilSiCib7NzsG/G6r5sQDApddBGKCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:47.611103Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1701.04177","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4057416b3023d0c43b0b5453059d40a5df8e1525addc119babbf6c44458bfb98","sha256:158e3922ec20f9da453b1dc51840a6b1f3ed199a3dbfc090f6fa09e8eacf9e24"],"state_sha256":"07085a919f2ba486178e321ff3f118868549ccad3b5c9d511a3f0b20fff3fe9c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lH3FASYjXiRcl7hRYmnKvmyXSR7et0Sp+tzpseuL3nP4aftDFpqm2VXo2PFI2HRGNF2nBJkr0uIDJ33MwbpDBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T20:26:39.914840Z","bundle_sha256":"e5827e928bc1936f9c6f4b88049aed3d36bdd45486c8982e7088d92f433cdd4f"}}