{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF","short_pith_number":"pith:KBTNJKVZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.06432","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-17T18:42:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.dis-nn","cs.SI","nlin.AO"],"title_canon_sha256":"3af4cc822362daf68194ee8e29c4ea7bad76f4f38c8e6e04b5ab88356709786f","abstract_canon_sha256":"db9beac5012b1a31df7e5efe3760f809be0a15d091daf34b6f6d426413a4c8d6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5066d4aab980bc497cd91821576f9d0142ac92d0ebf80a4da323546bf1e19210","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.06432","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.06432","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.06432v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.06432","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KBTNJKVZQC6E","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KBTNJKVZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.06432","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-17T18:42:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.dis-nn","cs.SI","nlin.AO"],"title_canon_sha256":"3af4cc822362daf68194ee8e29c4ea7bad76f4f38c8e6e04b5ab88356709786f","abstract_canon_sha256":"db9beac5012b1a31df7e5efe3760f809be0a15d091daf34b6f6d426413a4c8d6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5066d4aab980bc497cd91821576f9d0142ac92d0ebf80a4da323546bf1e19210","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59.323551Z","signature_b64":"Jpc6Tku/6UQRQec/uf/PVC4pVjrfa7W1uWSiXsDeD0ls70mJ5bku2jcSwZWRVja4wGw5hHQKiPb+3QdEoKu+Cw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5066d4aab980bc497cd91821576f9d0142ac92d0ebf80a4da323546bf1e19210","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59.322846Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59.322846Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1804.06432","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LcE+tGYFIVtjJcBT1/5BaksaNChcCdITNY+WOMmOzrmlBuyZKEM0C5LKXVMf9Py1hHhIhrK/tAvUIiTOzgnYBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-27T12:13:43.171013Z"},"content_sha256":"0af0c16b86f97d92804dd25377572ca815c3d4e02c755f26f2c5925a54e1621f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0af0c16b86f97d92804dd25377572ca815c3d4e02c755f26f2c5925a54e1621f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Small vulnerable sets determine large network cascades in power grids","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.dis-nn","cs.SI","nlin.AO"],"primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","authors_text":"Adilson E. Motter, Takashi Nishikawa, Yang Yang","submitted_at":"2018-04-17T18:42:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"The understanding of cascading failures in complex systems has been hindered by the lack of realistic large-scale modeling and analysis that can account for variable system conditions. Here, using the North American power grid, we identify, quantify, and analyze the set of network components that are vulnerable to cascading failures under any out of multiple conditions. We show that the vulnerable set consists of a small but topologically central portion of the network and that large cascades are disproportionately more likely to be triggered by initial failures close to this set. These result"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.06432","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"haLIbrmWkkvMxyef+x9GgPlpVqPZXZPYqKBEj7dBAihlshTa7gv2PpjCPI5HyBqlQeLN/ExO4F2KhI/up5SzDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-27T12:13:43.171360Z"},"content_sha256":"813421b90cc1c8987bb5880bc0e427da9eaa43fb44ada65b630347cc0e3e1900","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:813421b90cc1c8987bb5880bc0e427da9eaa43fb44ada65b630347cc0e3e1900"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-27T12:13:43Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZDAQVO345AF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"db9beac5012b1a31df7e5efe3760f809be0a15d091daf34b6f6d426413a4c8d6","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.dis-nn","cs.SI","nlin.AO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-17T18:42:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"3af4cc822362daf68194ee8e29c4ea7bad76f4f38c8e6e04b5ab88356709786f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.06432","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.06432","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.06432v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.06432","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KBTNJKVZQC6E","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KBTNJKVZQC6ES7GZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KBTNJKVZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:813421b90cc1c8987bb5880bc0e427da9eaa43fb44ada65b630347cc0e3e1900","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The understanding of cascading failures in complex systems has been hindered by the lack of realistic large-scale modeling and analysis that can account for variable system conditions. Here, using the North American power grid, we identify, quantify, and analyze the set of network components that are vulnerable to cascading failures under any out of multiple conditions. We show that the vulnerable set consists of a small but topologically central portion of the network and that large cascades are disproportionately more likely to be triggered by initial failures close to this set. These result","authors_text":"Adilson E. Motter, Takashi Nishikawa, Yang Yang","cross_cats":["cond-mat.dis-nn","cs.SI","nlin.AO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-17T18:42:18Z","title":"Small vulnerable sets determine large network cascades in power grids"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.06432","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0af0c16b86f97d92804dd25377572ca815c3d4e02c755f26f2c5925a54e1621f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"db9beac5012b1a31df7e5efe3760f809be0a15d091daf34b6f6d426413a4c8d6","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.dis-nn","cs.SI","nlin.AO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2018-04-17T18:42:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"3af4cc822362daf68194ee8e29c4ea7bad76f4f38c8e6e04b5ab88356709786f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.06432","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5066d4aab980bc497cd91821576f9d0142ac92d0ebf80a4da323546bf1e19210","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5066d4aab980bc497cd91821576f9d0142ac92d0ebf80a4da323546bf1e19210","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59.322846Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59.322846Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Jpc6Tku/6UQRQec/uf/PVC4pVjrfa7W1uWSiXsDeD0ls70mJ5bku2jcSwZWRVja4wGw5hHQKiPb+3QdEoKu+Cw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:17:59.323551Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.06432","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0af0c16b86f97d92804dd25377572ca815c3d4e02c755f26f2c5925a54e1621f","sha256:813421b90cc1c8987bb5880bc0e427da9eaa43fb44ada65b630347cc0e3e1900"],"state_sha256":"bf7ed924106b04f944531bc8d19b57c8f188368d7550d6f94f321157dae19a4d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KoJIR677V4HxF1u7qaCpXTRg7AUfke1Rbcyy2aD3bn6YI50q9XX7UranK4gdlbI+TxXnshjqGWdRo2BgeZVJDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-27T12:13:43.173148Z","bundle_sha256":"838ec351cb82bdf5e3b25672e7356caf89325ba5bc7f42dc2e0f722042715e79"}}