{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT","short_pith_number":"pith:KEP7SAAY","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"511ff900188f39a7d88048d1ee5afc14da0b4a196339f4c9f1acb7988fc597af","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2602.22008","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Experimental study of turbulent thermal diffusion of inertial particles in a convective turbulence forced by oscillating grids","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Inertial particles form larger clusters near the mean temperature minimum than smaller particles because turbulent thermal diffusion produces a stronger effective drift velocity for them.","cross_cats":["physics.ao-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"A. Levy, E. Elmakies, I. Rogachevskii, N. Kleeorin, O. Shildkrot","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T15:23:24Z","abstract_excerpt":"We investigate the phenomenon of turbulent thermal diffusion of inertial solid particles in laboratory experiments with convective turbulence forced by one or two oscillating grids in the air. Turbulent thermal diffusion causes a non-diffusive contribution to turbulent flux of particles described in terms of an effective drift velocity directed opposite to the gradient of the mean fluid temperature. For inertial particles, this effective drift velocity depends on the Stokes and Reynolds numbers. In the experiments, fluid velocity and spatial distribution of inertial particles are measured usin"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":true},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.22008","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T15:23:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.ao-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"f4163a628e273f37b6c224aa4a4547d578a00c2e589eb8370adc5deedf8c6da6","abstract_canon_sha256":"3adbaefdedb32c6e344d61995a054d6278fd095dfc4dc05d2fab92f2686c6b4b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.156201Z","signature_b64":"nWd6GL1o9paYdtVL+mkmCra87sxIX7RXi/ogA4n/FQfasN0YXJ+vVFqg+2GKz+DZeL3IqSW5496JPnsc8sW5Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"511ff900188f39a7d88048d1ee5afc14da0b4a196339f4c9f1acb7988fc597af","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155400Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155400Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Experimental study of turbulent thermal diffusion of inertial particles in a convective turbulence forced by oscillating grids","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Inertial particles form larger clusters near the mean temperature minimum than smaller particles because turbulent thermal diffusion produces a stronger effective drift velocity for them.","cross_cats":["physics.ao-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"A. Levy, E. Elmakies, I. Rogachevskii, N. Kleeorin, O. Shildkrot","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T15:23:24Z","abstract_excerpt":"We investigate the phenomenon of turbulent thermal diffusion of inertial solid particles in laboratory experiments with convective turbulence forced by one or two oscillating grids in the air. Turbulent thermal diffusion causes a non-diffusive contribution to turbulent flux of particles described in terms of an effective drift velocity directed opposite to the gradient of the mean fluid temperature. For inertial particles, this effective drift velocity depends on the Stokes and Reynolds numbers. In the experiments, fluid velocity and spatial distribution of inertial particles are measured usin"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Measurements of temperature and particle number density spatial distributions have demonstrated the formation of large-scale clusters of inertial particles in the vicinity of the mean temperature minimum due to turbulent thermal diffusion. In the experiments, the effective drift velocity caused by turbulent thermal diffusion that results in the formation of large-scale clusters of inertial particles (having the diameter 10 μm) is in 1.5 -- 2.5 times larger than that for noninertial particles (having the diameter 0.7 μm) depending on the level of turbulence.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the observed particle clustering and measured drift velocities are caused exclusively by turbulent thermal diffusion rather than confounding factors such as gravitational settling, wall effects, or non-uniform grid forcing in the convective setup.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Experiments show that 10-micron inertial particles experience 1.5-2.5 times stronger effective drift velocity from turbulent thermal diffusion than 0.7-micron noninertial particles, leading to larger clusters near mean temperature minima.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Inertial particles form larger clusters near the mean temperature minimum than smaller particles because turbulent thermal diffusion produces a stronger effective drift velocity for them.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"18dcec62870d34910ffa7e1b3a584f678546812e64408c764ae3533337e5be26"},"source":{"id":"2602.22008","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":"f63ad37b-138c-4b79-ad8f-291dd8991206","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T19:18:49.278091Z","strongest_claim":"Measurements of temperature and particle number density spatial distributions have demonstrated the formation of large-scale clusters of inertial particles in the vicinity of the mean temperature minimum due to turbulent thermal diffusion. In the experiments, the effective drift velocity caused by turbulent thermal diffusion that results in the formation of large-scale clusters of inertial particles (having the diameter 10 μm) is in 1.5 -- 2.5 times larger than that for noninertial particles (having the diameter 0.7 μm) depending on the level of turbulence.","one_line_summary":"Experiments show that 10-micron inertial particles experience 1.5-2.5 times stronger effective drift velocity from turbulent thermal diffusion than 0.7-micron noninertial particles, leading to larger clusters near mean temperature minima.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the observed particle clustering and measured drift velocities are caused exclusively by turbulent thermal diffusion rather than confounding factors such as gravitational settling, wall effects, or non-uniform grid forcing in the convective setup.","pith_extraction_headline":"Inertial particles form larger clusters near the mean temperature minimum than smaller particles because turbulent thermal diffusion produces a stronger effective drift velocity for them."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2602.22008/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"9c3621f270bf0066a84fe5d65f18b826a134ca8db8152357c7f3afd32df31c92"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2602.22008","created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2602.22008v3","created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.22008","created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KEP7SAAYR442","created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KEP7SAAYR442PWEA","created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KEP7SAAY","created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":3,"internal_anchor_count":3,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.03646","citing_title":"Turbophoresis of inertial particles in inhomogeneous turbulence produced by oscillating grids","ref_index":47,"is_internal_anchor":true},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.03646","citing_title":"Turbophoresis of inertial particles in inhomogeneous turbulence produced by oscillating grids","ref_index":36,"is_internal_anchor":true},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.03646","citing_title":"Turbophoresis of inertial particles in inhomogeneous turbulence produced by oscillating grids","ref_index":36,"is_internal_anchor":true}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT","json":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/KEP7SAAY"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/KEP7SAAY","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2602.22008&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/KEP7SAAYR442PWEAJDI64WX4CT/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-26T02:04:07.155506+00:00"}