{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR","short_pith_number":"pith:KGK6GGE6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.08395","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2021-08-18T21:20:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"title_canon_sha256":"975496d39cbb85a8badaf65a7db3bc21118b3c0827f487936a1865e3c188239d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f6ddad3843184abb59350b6252ff9f0486e64a6284a0345fd4e21150687c582c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5195e3189e0de03cccd55e25ada3487c619466bd3ed86a7ce9dc74405aa02546","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2108.08395","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.08395","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.08395v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.08395","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KGK6GGE6BXQD","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KGK6GGE6","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.08395","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2021-08-18T21:20:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"title_canon_sha256":"975496d39cbb85a8badaf65a7db3bc21118b3c0827f487936a1865e3c188239d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f6ddad3843184abb59350b6252ff9f0486e64a6284a0345fd4e21150687c582c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5195e3189e0de03cccd55e25ada3487c619466bd3ed86a7ce9dc74405aa02546","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09.379424Z","signature_b64":"vzKgE0Fa5wCMI3GGFvmKzeWgB3gmxr1KfxFOO2Wq5zxsm/J9QJp8WwL9GBOMoTHP7cr3sAmprvhvGZFa2LYDCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5195e3189e0de03cccd55e25ada3487c619466bd3ed86a7ce9dc74405aa02546","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09.378961Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09.378961Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2108.08395","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"l8VYp8Rs1xZb7CBBw3eKnTrDrNN+HLmBBIxC8Uy6q353mwQHAvkWFGW9Or4mXpyXNapUpYgElXHL/PIxTf6mBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T16:53:38.797548Z"},"content_sha256":"7e5c231fed746e947bd493db3bb2b535702cacad19cead0f28340d1c4392764c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7e5c231fed746e947bd493db3bb2b535702cacad19cead0f28340d1c4392764c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"What Distributed Systems Say: A Study of Seven Spark Application Logs","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SE"],"primary_cat":"cs.DC","authors_text":"Paul A. S. Ward, Sina Gholamian","submitted_at":"2021-08-18T21:20:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"Execution logs are a crucial medium as they record runtime information of software systems. Although extensive logs are helpful to provide valuable details to identify the root cause in postmortem analysis in case of a failure, this may also incur performance overhead and storage cost. Therefore, in this research, we present the result of our experimental study on seven Spark benchmarks to illustrate the impact of different logging verbosity levels on the execution time and storage cost of distributed software systems. We also evaluate the log effectiveness and the information gain values, and"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.08395","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2108.08395/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rGj0DkhXyjzdHh3KaPcsdVQq9on7kzkSE8M7hH2EQKB8j47tlufvDp4zW6AkAmUKA/TMr2lGoJ34R1ZjVXXJBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T16:53:38.798073Z"},"content_sha256":"d99e10897ceee0d4a1c5342ea232e31956bd64658d365ff6352fddfd2a0b51c4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d99e10897ceee0d4a1c5342ea232e31956bd64658d365ff6352fddfd2a0b51c4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T16:53:38Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGVLYS23I2IPR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f6ddad3843184abb59350b6252ff9f0486e64a6284a0345fd4e21150687c582c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2021-08-18T21:20:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"975496d39cbb85a8badaf65a7db3bc21118b3c0827f487936a1865e3c188239d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.08395","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.08395","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.08395v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.08395","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KGK6GGE6BXQD","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KGK6GGE6BXQDZTGV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KGK6GGE6","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d99e10897ceee0d4a1c5342ea232e31956bd64658d365ff6352fddfd2a0b51c4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2108.08395/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Execution logs are a crucial medium as they record runtime information of software systems. Although extensive logs are helpful to provide valuable details to identify the root cause in postmortem analysis in case of a failure, this may also incur performance overhead and storage cost. Therefore, in this research, we present the result of our experimental study on seven Spark benchmarks to illustrate the impact of different logging verbosity levels on the execution time and storage cost of distributed software systems. We also evaluate the log effectiveness and the information gain values, and","authors_text":"Paul A. S. Ward, Sina Gholamian","cross_cats":["cs.SE"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2021-08-18T21:20:04Z","title":"What Distributed Systems Say: A Study of Seven Spark Application Logs"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.08395","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7e5c231fed746e947bd493db3bb2b535702cacad19cead0f28340d1c4392764c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f6ddad3843184abb59350b6252ff9f0486e64a6284a0345fd4e21150687c582c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DC","submitted_at":"2021-08-18T21:20:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"975496d39cbb85a8badaf65a7db3bc21118b3c0827f487936a1865e3c188239d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.08395","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5195e3189e0de03cccd55e25ada3487c619466bd3ed86a7ce9dc74405aa02546","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5195e3189e0de03cccd55e25ada3487c619466bd3ed86a7ce9dc74405aa02546","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09.378961Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09.378961Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"vzKgE0Fa5wCMI3GGFvmKzeWgB3gmxr1KfxFOO2Wq5zxsm/J9QJp8WwL9GBOMoTHP7cr3sAmprvhvGZFa2LYDCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:07:09.379424Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2108.08395","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7e5c231fed746e947bd493db3bb2b535702cacad19cead0f28340d1c4392764c","sha256:d99e10897ceee0d4a1c5342ea232e31956bd64658d365ff6352fddfd2a0b51c4"],"state_sha256":"ab2fb74bab15b43b5ca61a6fc1d34537388aefd44fa5eae2f1bc8fc6a2bd5dda"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JnOXYJgcI9De9bVDJl1CfameUNyVhGaWJr7W7X6oJdH3cz3wUDqKjDJjyniDihbxbIYzZp1SxiJl8S8745kUDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T16:53:38.803496Z","bundle_sha256":"d237a94396f793f33e36cad2e023b1f8f2e786cc212b51cb9408359283884fe6"}}