{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B","short_pith_number":"pith:KKQ5UYYR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.11342","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-08-25T16:54:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"4822e2703ce7287d6eb6132aba92c035f58c300f15ad3096917efccb4c6642db","abstract_canon_sha256":"7be880c3dc8fd135599353b8b5a09ae09f8398c5f103c1a3333c3c7758aeb82a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"52a1da6311a5ef535495c11806c902d06e8378a037f011a3881c524d3e3205c6","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2108.11342","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.11342","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.11342v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.11342","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KKQ5UYYRUXXV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KKQ5UYYR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2108.11342","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-08-25T16:54:19Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"4822e2703ce7287d6eb6132aba92c035f58c300f15ad3096917efccb4c6642db","abstract_canon_sha256":"7be880c3dc8fd135599353b8b5a09ae09f8398c5f103c1a3333c3c7758aeb82a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"52a1da6311a5ef535495c11806c902d06e8378a037f011a3881c524d3e3205c6","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33.433396Z","signature_b64":"2vBXUjcrNqxFVCR6vza3W/kSaZqeXDnDYAy/9oeBRbsHst6dw5a3O8CkySEqkm1V1DllPGsSMsT/OnY3EritDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"52a1da6311a5ef535495c11806c902d06e8378a037f011a3881c524d3e3205c6","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33.432897Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33.432897Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2108.11342","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wLCpo8mdW8ESssReNN6HAWpzGBvvbqj2Am/fWR2X8HB+xyShVu2geFqKmOQ7ujK1FkuBw1uTin7eV5Jjq3XJAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T18:48:59.093865Z"},"content_sha256":"30af64fc33b093a30bb2b9985f7323455259d18394439c8d66117baa4d16c69b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:30af64fc33b093a30bb2b9985f7323455259d18394439c8d66117baa4d16c69b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Nonparametric identification is not enough, but randomized controlled trials are","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Fredrik S\\\"avje, James M. Robins, Jasjeet Sekhon, P. M. Aronow, Theo Saarinen","submitted_at":"2021-08-25T16:54:19Z","abstract_excerpt":"We argue that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are special even among settings where average treatment effects are identified by a nonparametric unconfoundedness assumption. This claim follows from two results of Robins and Ritov (1997): (1) with at least one continuous covariate control, no estimator of the average treatment effect exists which is uniformly consistent without further assumptions, (2) knowledge of the propensity score yields a uniformly consistent estimator and honest confidence intervals that shrink at parametric rates with increasing sample size, regardless of how complic"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.11342","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2108.11342/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yj9ZWRg+HVlYTKWo5+wgrEgcB09yDqfMf3dQtBDkTA+i+l2XVzRNTRG0TS5QmPigmv3/32+qVmnhEIAhpssoBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T18:48:59.094245Z"},"content_sha256":"0fc423aa3b39d5a1102b8147aea4384566ab5566d4ffab1064c8281ffb717b56","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0fc423aa3b39d5a1102b8147aea4384566ab5566d4ffab1064c8281ffb717b56"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T18:48:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEVYEMANSIC2B","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7be880c3dc8fd135599353b8b5a09ae09f8398c5f103c1a3333c3c7758aeb82a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-08-25T16:54:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"4822e2703ce7287d6eb6132aba92c035f58c300f15ad3096917efccb4c6642db"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.11342","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2108.11342","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2108.11342v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2108.11342","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KKQ5UYYRUXXV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KKQ5UYYRUXXVGVEV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KKQ5UYYR","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0fc423aa3b39d5a1102b8147aea4384566ab5566d4ffab1064c8281ffb717b56","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2108.11342/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We argue that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are special even among settings where average treatment effects are identified by a nonparametric unconfoundedness assumption. This claim follows from two results of Robins and Ritov (1997): (1) with at least one continuous covariate control, no estimator of the average treatment effect exists which is uniformly consistent without further assumptions, (2) knowledge of the propensity score yields a uniformly consistent estimator and honest confidence intervals that shrink at parametric rates with increasing sample size, regardless of how complic","authors_text":"Fredrik S\\\"avje, James M. Robins, Jasjeet Sekhon, P. M. Aronow, Theo Saarinen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-08-25T16:54:19Z","title":"Nonparametric identification is not enough, but randomized controlled trials are"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2108.11342","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:30af64fc33b093a30bb2b9985f7323455259d18394439c8d66117baa4d16c69b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7be880c3dc8fd135599353b8b5a09ae09f8398c5f103c1a3333c3c7758aeb82a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-08-25T16:54:19Z","title_canon_sha256":"4822e2703ce7287d6eb6132aba92c035f58c300f15ad3096917efccb4c6642db"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2108.11342","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"52a1da6311a5ef535495c11806c902d06e8378a037f011a3881c524d3e3205c6","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"52a1da6311a5ef535495c11806c902d06e8378a037f011a3881c524d3e3205c6","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33.432897Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33.432897Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2vBXUjcrNqxFVCR6vza3W/kSaZqeXDnDYAy/9oeBRbsHst6dw5a3O8CkySEqkm1V1DllPGsSMsT/OnY3EritDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:33.433396Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2108.11342","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:30af64fc33b093a30bb2b9985f7323455259d18394439c8d66117baa4d16c69b","sha256:0fc423aa3b39d5a1102b8147aea4384566ab5566d4ffab1064c8281ffb717b56"],"state_sha256":"cf7c5e8328e6210e8bad3af728013aa9cb5246ae952a4e1b64dd00ce753f2106"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"s7aOzUOdrnCPX/tfHfbZuYsei4qA7Ym5LWOo4+eK27+EhmqCi3rt19SgCOAp0yz9O6JUkXJ5c0SN4+TZcKK/Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T18:48:59.096237Z","bundle_sha256":"d11db5e49f8cfeb633e847a7e5de68b5e5b9253b0c9514d8c90c1bb15a2476cb"}}