{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M","short_pith_number":"pith:KPVZWSKW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1803.07095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2018-03-19T18:02:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"742e75c321e4f498d9f39b21399936fe999b20fcc6b4ad033e49ea772c4931e2","abstract_canon_sha256":"d0edf1dba652fd2197338e079de5481a206bb30f8a2b4a234c9e1ce3bcc4854d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"53eb9b4956766d44bbd4e98d218cccdb39ddc703277f35181b857a1cd0b1b574","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1803.07095","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1803.07095","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1803.07095v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1803.07095","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KPVZWSKWOZWU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KPVZWSKW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1803.07095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2018-03-19T18:02:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"742e75c321e4f498d9f39b21399936fe999b20fcc6b4ad033e49ea772c4931e2","abstract_canon_sha256":"d0edf1dba652fd2197338e079de5481a206bb30f8a2b4a234c9e1ce3bcc4854d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"53eb9b4956766d44bbd4e98d218cccdb39ddc703277f35181b857a1cd0b1b574","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.807659Z","signature_b64":"WWUehtk96UGsgGqQOmvllIOlulS+JjIl5i6A+3ypa4u/eVl6N9ntyOghI5wOHUVGyIy6E9kpdnXafcm5dyzlCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"53eb9b4956766d44bbd4e98d218cccdb39ddc703277f35181b857a1cd0b1b574","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.806963Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.806963Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1803.07095","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wpgRxUlrBzcEuk9nbAMVMBwVHsP2bgOxUZyL6Dd3bbOIZ/SO/U5WnRNtkzM1AZNP6od4S/hl0JJQAo0/f8k3Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T17:51:42.361840Z"},"content_sha256":"a00416325a60d9e131d9d797b25e339d2843a3bb6c261351de604bcf684533f7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a00416325a60d9e131d9d797b25e339d2843a3bb6c261351de604bcf684533f7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Cosmological Solution to the Impossibly Early Galaxy Problem","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Fulvio Melia, Manoj K. Yennapureddy","submitted_at":"2018-03-19T18:02:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"To understand the formation and evolution of galaxies at redshifts z < 10, one must invariably introduce specific models (e.g., for the star formation) in order to fully interpret the data. Unfortunately, this tends to render the analysis compliant to the theory and its assumptions, so consensus is still somewhat elusive. Nonetheless, the surprisingly early appearance of massive galaxies challenges the standard model, and the halo mass function estimated from galaxy surveys at z > 4 appears to be inconsistent with the predictions of LCDM, giving rise to what has been termed \"The Impossibly Ear"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1803.07095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6SR9S0fu8D26lhRVMB1M1RfZDjrP9iv74OzE1JwuY4FE3zL6OE9RFE8+nchiUMedLmnrDd4tY2ICWxRxom5pDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T17:51:42.362192Z"},"content_sha256":"0ca22b931850a4f2da1a57e5b701821e7cf6be628f779ea63d0a6e1bd0501537","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0ca22b931850a4f2da1a57e5b701821e7cf6be628f779ea63d0a6e1bd0501537"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T17:51:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U5GGSDDGM3M","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d0edf1dba652fd2197338e079de5481a206bb30f8a2b4a234c9e1ce3bcc4854d","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2018-03-19T18:02:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"742e75c321e4f498d9f39b21399936fe999b20fcc6b4ad033e49ea772c4931e2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1803.07095","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1803.07095","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1803.07095v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1803.07095","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KPVZWSKWOZWU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KPVZWSKWOZWUJO6U","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KPVZWSKW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0ca22b931850a4f2da1a57e5b701821e7cf6be628f779ea63d0a6e1bd0501537","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"To understand the formation and evolution of galaxies at redshifts z < 10, one must invariably introduce specific models (e.g., for the star formation) in order to fully interpret the data. Unfortunately, this tends to render the analysis compliant to the theory and its assumptions, so consensus is still somewhat elusive. Nonetheless, the surprisingly early appearance of massive galaxies challenges the standard model, and the halo mass function estimated from galaxy surveys at z > 4 appears to be inconsistent with the predictions of LCDM, giving rise to what has been termed \"The Impossibly Ear","authors_text":"Fulvio Melia, Manoj K. Yennapureddy","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2018-03-19T18:02:10Z","title":"A Cosmological Solution to the Impossibly Early Galaxy Problem"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1803.07095","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a00416325a60d9e131d9d797b25e339d2843a3bb6c261351de604bcf684533f7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d0edf1dba652fd2197338e079de5481a206bb30f8a2b4a234c9e1ce3bcc4854d","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA","gr-qc","hep-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2018-03-19T18:02:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"742e75c321e4f498d9f39b21399936fe999b20fcc6b4ad033e49ea772c4931e2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1803.07095","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"53eb9b4956766d44bbd4e98d218cccdb39ddc703277f35181b857a1cd0b1b574","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"53eb9b4956766d44bbd4e98d218cccdb39ddc703277f35181b857a1cd0b1b574","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.806963Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.806963Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"WWUehtk96UGsgGqQOmvllIOlulS+JjIl5i6A+3ypa4u/eVl6N9ntyOghI5wOHUVGyIy6E9kpdnXafcm5dyzlCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:31.807659Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1803.07095","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a00416325a60d9e131d9d797b25e339d2843a3bb6c261351de604bcf684533f7","sha256:0ca22b931850a4f2da1a57e5b701821e7cf6be628f779ea63d0a6e1bd0501537"],"state_sha256":"142ae81b5648dce74951df20c1e0ed9ea849530462bcf786cfb11b1578bb5450"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IJiQlNmSBjFOgoF0HAbIiIBOY+Ebm3IQV1hajPZ0QVFRONhwWCZF943jzAOKpmSOj/oFBcpXVIp7wfbujbfkCA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T17:51:42.364245Z","bundle_sha256":"9ee5d165f42315d88b23a4de7de19dd34f0c3666b168a2f3684265f68f07daa6"}}