{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC","short_pith_number":"pith:KPXZHLVY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.09369","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-25T17:50:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"ea87903d3fb418d9abd5c8e59db5fdca7d91988267024bd3b097171127ecb88b","abstract_canon_sha256":"27a2c2d96cd3865250141d09e3233262f6d58b0b1c05303d3736357ebbbcf1b6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"53ef93aeb8e12a30c093fa8098df1bc89aad39fffaaac32c613df5e720362c40","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.09369","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.09369","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.09369v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.09369","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KPXZHLVY4EVD","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KPXZHLVY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.09369","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-25T17:50:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"ea87903d3fb418d9abd5c8e59db5fdca7d91988267024bd3b097171127ecb88b","abstract_canon_sha256":"27a2c2d96cd3865250141d09e3233262f6d58b0b1c05303d3736357ebbbcf1b6"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"53ef93aeb8e12a30c093fa8098df1bc89aad39fffaaac32c613df5e720362c40","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03.257152Z","signature_b64":"q4D+nmTE7yB2fCpxKs9H9HHfo72vqv53CXn/5HshkiVPpwv3qaKzbRSwg01soMUh/jcBDFeJxyIzFGqnHTpNDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"53ef93aeb8e12a30c093fa8098df1bc89aad39fffaaac32c613df5e720362c40","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03.256602Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03.256602Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.09369","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CHbWqDEUVJblvf5Mn0kh3sJ/Gd3Wzl7Tb9oIeVuNasK+1j30/u3tsGlfNFJRMRH/+WLOp+s1il04bG1VJVd6Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:34:05.720304Z"},"content_sha256":"7d9531ae2adc09bcae258bb9697cd48e6b8d840fb042b272cbed1269ea23020d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7d9531ae2adc09bcae258bb9697cd48e6b8d840fb042b272cbed1269ea23020d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"On Measuring and Mitigating Biased Inferences of Word Embeddings","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Jeff Phillips, Sunipa Dev, Tao Li, Vivek Srikumar","submitted_at":"2019-08-25T17:50:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Word embeddings carry stereotypical connotations from the text they are trained on, which can lead to invalid inferences in downstream models that rely on them. We use this observation to design a mechanism for measuring stereotypes using the task of natural language inference. We demonstrate a reduction in invalid inferences via bias mitigation strategies on static word embeddings (GloVe). Further, we show that for gender bias, these techniques extend to contextualized embeddings when applied selectively only to the static components of contextualized embeddings (ELMo, BERT)."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.09369","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.09369/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CnFGooYC6UGxzEvwoP3laURTzqsxshDYUtYt94uXK6f9ek/W6WoaLfs5QnHxavIiA0utMIYmbGfkfOPRx/1MDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:34:05.721263Z"},"content_sha256":"4e12dafadc44c61e2c8c1c776820f690d298fed39dae4ec69816a6b0757eee0e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4e12dafadc44c61e2c8c1c776820f690d298fed39dae4ec69816a6b0757eee0e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T04:34:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET7KAJRXY3ZC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27a2c2d96cd3865250141d09e3233262f6d58b0b1c05303d3736357ebbbcf1b6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-25T17:50:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"ea87903d3fb418d9abd5c8e59db5fdca7d91988267024bd3b097171127ecb88b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.09369","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.09369","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.09369v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.09369","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KPXZHLVY4EVD","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KPXZHLVY4EVDBQET","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KPXZHLVY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4e12dafadc44c61e2c8c1c776820f690d298fed39dae4ec69816a6b0757eee0e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.09369/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Word embeddings carry stereotypical connotations from the text they are trained on, which can lead to invalid inferences in downstream models that rely on them. We use this observation to design a mechanism for measuring stereotypes using the task of natural language inference. We demonstrate a reduction in invalid inferences via bias mitigation strategies on static word embeddings (GloVe). Further, we show that for gender bias, these techniques extend to contextualized embeddings when applied selectively only to the static components of contextualized embeddings (ELMo, BERT).","authors_text":"Jeff Phillips, Sunipa Dev, Tao Li, Vivek Srikumar","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-25T17:50:18Z","title":"On Measuring and Mitigating Biased Inferences of Word Embeddings"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.09369","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7d9531ae2adc09bcae258bb9697cd48e6b8d840fb042b272cbed1269ea23020d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"27a2c2d96cd3865250141d09e3233262f6d58b0b1c05303d3736357ebbbcf1b6","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-08-25T17:50:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"ea87903d3fb418d9abd5c8e59db5fdca7d91988267024bd3b097171127ecb88b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.09369","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"53ef93aeb8e12a30c093fa8098df1bc89aad39fffaaac32c613df5e720362c40","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"53ef93aeb8e12a30c093fa8098df1bc89aad39fffaaac32c613df5e720362c40","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03.256602Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03.256602Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"q4D+nmTE7yB2fCpxKs9H9HHfo72vqv53CXn/5HshkiVPpwv3qaKzbRSwg01soMUh/jcBDFeJxyIzFGqnHTpNDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:22:03.257152Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.09369","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7d9531ae2adc09bcae258bb9697cd48e6b8d840fb042b272cbed1269ea23020d","sha256:4e12dafadc44c61e2c8c1c776820f690d298fed39dae4ec69816a6b0757eee0e"],"state_sha256":"8cc3bfebf8c65440efb7b8d3adb9631967c05ca4d0893f195c2583bac64d7865"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Sl6OdJLcMhJY7X71Zzga4fgwwNXdAom87GAxkanLxvDIOaKejuDEyXK0jVE56EX7cMyeRzA7Hr0xdv1Y4RsWBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T04:34:05.727994Z","bundle_sha256":"a1cfacc44e1be800bc5aff13830b65d036e96845c65e8ce81b54cc11fdffbb64"}}