{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:KRFFRFQYLU3CO2FSPFZLT7K774","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ff11d4d70075d3f79336a8ead4aea4ec14d857888638b8d0e97f89fdd033fb12","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-06-27T06:59:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"e3d441bfa9e47fddbadde7db8086c07fb5293dcff40200d946e01fff3eeae9ec"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2606.28774","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2606.28774","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2606.28774v1","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.28774","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KRFFRFQYLU3C","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KRFFRFQYLU3CO2FS","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KRFFRFQY","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a1b6ed654c122d11ef90892c0fca9557e1c98bbedf7e30d2f2c1911b99d3ffaf","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2606.28774/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A critical assumption of observational studies is that all confounding variables must be known and sufficiently adjusted for to estimate causal effects. An implicit, and often overlooked, aspect of this assumption is that all confounding variables have been measured without error. In the social and medical sciences, latent traits such as motivation, self-efficacy, and ability measures are likely confounding variables. Because latent traits are not directly observable, conventional approaches to adjust for them in observational studies rely on collecting responses to individual items on a test ","authors_text":"George Perrett, Klint Kanopka","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-06-27T06:59:30Z","title":"Measurement Induced Confounding"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.28774","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a915fe8d4308f89fca447a432de362e5d7aafe1112852e8c19798682e27d8b08","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ff11d4d70075d3f79336a8ead4aea4ec14d857888638b8d0e97f89fdd033fb12","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-06-27T06:59:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"e3d441bfa9e47fddbadde7db8086c07fb5293dcff40200d946e01fff3eeae9ec"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2606.28774","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"544a5896185d362768b27972b9fd5fff3b23de1e12b815eeeb34277d9f7bda5f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"544a5896185d362768b27972b9fd5fff3b23de1e12b815eeeb34277d9f7bda5f","first_computed_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51.436985Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51.436985Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ko7VnrSNW2lrRYM/LEfC3T2pZbDqtzJBAAs6OgzVqPTZmB+df1fU6zBY5OBTiQOoyZPztv9QMAw7Sb4nm12YDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-30T01:16:51.437576Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2606.28774","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a915fe8d4308f89fca447a432de362e5d7aafe1112852e8c19798682e27d8b08","sha256:a1b6ed654c122d11ef90892c0fca9557e1c98bbedf7e30d2f2c1911b99d3ffaf"],"state_sha256":"4095a47f139650af3e16214f4a1fc8c4566e545077edbb5cee3b5b50fefc6791"}