{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2002:KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR","short_pith_number":"pith:KVQAY2E6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"physics/0203002","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2002-03-01T22:00:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"title_canon_sha256":"879e59b10f4a57c7341ba18829b345b44d0193c5621aea7e5fabfc323609f573","abstract_canon_sha256":"7536d8e15b29038f646b247d61712a33c9d7adb0bdbb81b91037e4d8e7b3b247"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"55600c689ee382800b4060e93f217a7c48baebddaa8d168ac0c0b876529dd3ed","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"physics/0203002","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"physics/0203002","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"physics/0203002v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.physics/0203002","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KVQAY2E64OBI","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KVQAY2E64OBIAC2A","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KVQAY2E6","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2002:KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"physics/0203002","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2002-03-01T22:00:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"title_canon_sha256":"879e59b10f4a57c7341ba18829b345b44d0193c5621aea7e5fabfc323609f573","abstract_canon_sha256":"7536d8e15b29038f646b247d61712a33c9d7adb0bdbb81b91037e4d8e7b3b247"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"55600c689ee382800b4060e93f217a7c48baebddaa8d168ac0c0b876529dd3ed","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37.454169Z","signature_b64":"8M9/SjokAO/jpoYEoLjgFvB4XZm8NcBbKE/g0tOTjYUPjTV+r5Vj0z/5fVxPWIunpbyddiBbAPQqXcSu8E2NAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"55600c689ee382800b4060e93f217a7c48baebddaa8d168ac0c0b876529dd3ed","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37.453784Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37.453784Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"physics/0203002","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"J5K3Az3IECTlWDe2I8xblaCg4kE8R3FxPtayuRXImrzwhYF7emSWlDjPjo3XOrXYGlHX9K4P7QvcS5AkT31sAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T11:22:58.911618Z"},"content_sha256":"9e67eb05d851d71952ffd6642de6f3f144f4b183f5c924d26c9ab48050ee9446","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9e67eb05d851d71952ffd6642de6f3f144f4b183f5c924d26c9ab48050ee9446"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2002:KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Finding an Upper Limit in the Presence of Unknown Background","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.AP"],"primary_cat":"physics.data-an","authors_text":"S. Yellin","submitted_at":"2002-03-01T22:00:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"Experimenters report an upper limit if the signal they are trying to detect is non-existent or below their experiment's sensitivity. Such experiments may be contaminated with a background too poorly understood to subtract. If the background is distributed differently in some parameter from the expected signal, it is possible to take advantage of this difference to get a stronger limit than would be possible if the difference in distribution were ignored. We discuss the ``Maximum Gap'' method, which finds the best gap between events for setting an upper limit, and generalize to ``Optimum Interv"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"physics/0203002","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/physics/0203002/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WurtM3ZGM1k2tBPziQz92wtYVcS8dO+JB3ibzD7N1PKJQSUUCep2OF2tRGLW8/kdYhEH9bll2fze2F/JwVRWDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T11:22:58.911991Z"},"content_sha256":"cf573bf9ce81e0e1a3e232146d935e3d9ca3a8ebb0d2a03a02118f4126fca401","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cf573bf9ce81e0e1a3e232146d935e3d9ca3a8ebb0d2a03a02118f4126fca401"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-09T11:22:58Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2002:KVQAY2E64OBIAC2AMDUT6IL2PR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7536d8e15b29038f646b247d61712a33c9d7adb0bdbb81b91037e4d8e7b3b247","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"license":"","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2002-03-01T22:00:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"879e59b10f4a57c7341ba18829b345b44d0193c5621aea7e5fabfc323609f573"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"physics/0203002","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"physics/0203002","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"physics/0203002v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.physics/0203002","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KVQAY2E64OBI","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KVQAY2E64OBIAC2A","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KVQAY2E6","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:cf573bf9ce81e0e1a3e232146d935e3d9ca3a8ebb0d2a03a02118f4126fca401","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/physics/0203002/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Experimenters report an upper limit if the signal they are trying to detect is non-existent or below their experiment's sensitivity. Such experiments may be contaminated with a background too poorly understood to subtract. If the background is distributed differently in some parameter from the expected signal, it is possible to take advantage of this difference to get a stronger limit than would be possible if the difference in distribution were ignored. We discuss the ``Maximum Gap'' method, which finds the best gap between events for setting an upper limit, and generalize to ``Optimum Interv","authors_text":"S. Yellin","cross_cats":["stat.AP"],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2002-03-01T22:00:28Z","title":"Finding an Upper Limit in the Presence of Unknown Background"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"physics/0203002","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9e67eb05d851d71952ffd6642de6f3f144f4b183f5c924d26c9ab48050ee9446","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7536d8e15b29038f646b247d61712a33c9d7adb0bdbb81b91037e4d8e7b3b247","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.AP"],"license":"","primary_cat":"physics.data-an","submitted_at":"2002-03-01T22:00:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"879e59b10f4a57c7341ba18829b345b44d0193c5621aea7e5fabfc323609f573"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"physics/0203002","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"55600c689ee382800b4060e93f217a7c48baebddaa8d168ac0c0b876529dd3ed","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"55600c689ee382800b4060e93f217a7c48baebddaa8d168ac0c0b876529dd3ed","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37.453784Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37.453784Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"8M9/SjokAO/jpoYEoLjgFvB4XZm8NcBbKE/g0tOTjYUPjTV+r5Vj0z/5fVxPWIunpbyddiBbAPQqXcSu8E2NAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:35:37.454169Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"physics/0203002","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9e67eb05d851d71952ffd6642de6f3f144f4b183f5c924d26c9ab48050ee9446","sha256:cf573bf9ce81e0e1a3e232146d935e3d9ca3a8ebb0d2a03a02118f4126fca401"],"state_sha256":"9c5711e84f23a722632355277c172bec14e3bda946a574d1f00e03a57dafd51b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"E5QeNnNOj25znkXCteEGUve8q6IkNnah4Nm6ErHPeh4PE5XfdiykHrKstoq0lg56FQmtNffcdnStXWRIZdPxBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T11:22:58.914313Z","bundle_sha256":"dc31711103edc0c4d73e50fec72a82909a814899e6d4be63bd88414c8ed4ae45"}}