{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP","short_pith_number":"pith:KYZDOZ6M","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1802.04591","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-02-13T12:42:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"04bae2b69233dfe8c2485d8117d8c3f19a9541847d6cd5e436b601881fa50eea","abstract_canon_sha256":"55a785f3926fc1a9bb0f805b656006f856f38f0dcdda1f82871edb58b2fd881a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"56323767cc1d2ac99eaea2d611f50593f85e3586bc1032c4e2ac5bb4b29af41f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1802.04591","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1802.04591","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1802.04591v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1802.04591","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KYZDOZ6MDUVM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KYZDOZ6M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1802.04591","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-02-13T12:42:58Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"04bae2b69233dfe8c2485d8117d8c3f19a9541847d6cd5e436b601881fa50eea","abstract_canon_sha256":"55a785f3926fc1a9bb0f805b656006f856f38f0dcdda1f82871edb58b2fd881a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"56323767cc1d2ac99eaea2d611f50593f85e3586bc1032c4e2ac5bb4b29af41f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00.276514Z","signature_b64":"i8x9IhO9FklawgCBd5+Bo0jM9SS6m4fJyX7CnoCqrVoTTfYdRpPHaK2giT/H4ZNkkOkGslSCBWypDufvUu0sAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"56323767cc1d2ac99eaea2d611f50593f85e3586bc1032c4e2ac5bb4b29af41f","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00.275777Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00.275777Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1802.04591","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/3gbupViTTYHCFeI8lYLOVZPNoo8j22tQxI7dWTsIfFfHPgHeeB6faCCuA/ymFc2Yji39GCwoOk0DhaIkwpBDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-30T06:32:52.511911Z"},"content_sha256":"45083b48f0fdc54a2fb41a8c72081a69bf376a9abe6ff0a58be4433393a5abf8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:45083b48f0fdc54a2fb41a8c72081a69bf376a9abe6ff0a58be4433393a5abf8"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"First Order Generative Adversarial Networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Calvin Seward, Nikolay Jetchev, Sepp Hochreiter, Thomas Unterthiner, Urs Bergmann","submitted_at":"2018-02-13T12:42:58Z","abstract_excerpt":"GANs excel at learning high dimensional distributions, but they can update generator parameters in directions that do not correspond to the steepest descent direction of the objective. Prominent examples of problematic update directions include those used in both Goodfellow's original GAN and the WGAN-GP. To formally describe an optimal update direction, we introduce a theoretical framework which allows the derivation of requirements on both the divergence and corresponding method for determining an update direction, with these requirements guaranteeing unbiased mini-batch updates in the direc"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1802.04591","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"y3QGHWlkid9yOFpRBZ0nis7S9LUdokYTERMZacnSwdLpWkos5gIgAxcWoB8UL+V6ZpKtulp1vnQ9RWaU6EuQAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-30T06:32:52.512263Z"},"content_sha256":"4f6fb9f8ae01f4f9c5647f362baf7530e478298bb3eeefe59753b0a4d7e64528","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4f6fb9f8ae01f4f9c5647f362baf7530e478298bb3eeefe59753b0a4d7e64528"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-30T06:32:52Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVOULLBD5IFSP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"55a785f3926fc1a9bb0f805b656006f856f38f0dcdda1f82871edb58b2fd881a","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-02-13T12:42:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"04bae2b69233dfe8c2485d8117d8c3f19a9541847d6cd5e436b601881fa50eea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1802.04591","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1802.04591","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1802.04591v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1802.04591","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"KYZDOZ6MDUVM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"KYZDOZ6MDUVMTHVO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"KYZDOZ6M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4f6fb9f8ae01f4f9c5647f362baf7530e478298bb3eeefe59753b0a4d7e64528","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"GANs excel at learning high dimensional distributions, but they can update generator parameters in directions that do not correspond to the steepest descent direction of the objective. Prominent examples of problematic update directions include those used in both Goodfellow's original GAN and the WGAN-GP. To formally describe an optimal update direction, we introduce a theoretical framework which allows the derivation of requirements on both the divergence and corresponding method for determining an update direction, with these requirements guaranteeing unbiased mini-batch updates in the direc","authors_text":"Calvin Seward, Nikolay Jetchev, Sepp Hochreiter, Thomas Unterthiner, Urs Bergmann","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-02-13T12:42:58Z","title":"First Order Generative Adversarial Networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1802.04591","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:45083b48f0fdc54a2fb41a8c72081a69bf376a9abe6ff0a58be4433393a5abf8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"55a785f3926fc1a9bb0f805b656006f856f38f0dcdda1f82871edb58b2fd881a","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-02-13T12:42:58Z","title_canon_sha256":"04bae2b69233dfe8c2485d8117d8c3f19a9541847d6cd5e436b601881fa50eea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1802.04591","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"56323767cc1d2ac99eaea2d611f50593f85e3586bc1032c4e2ac5bb4b29af41f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"56323767cc1d2ac99eaea2d611f50593f85e3586bc1032c4e2ac5bb4b29af41f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00.275777Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00.275777Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"i8x9IhO9FklawgCBd5+Bo0jM9SS6m4fJyX7CnoCqrVoTTfYdRpPHaK2giT/H4ZNkkOkGslSCBWypDufvUu0sAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:00.276514Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1802.04591","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:45083b48f0fdc54a2fb41a8c72081a69bf376a9abe6ff0a58be4433393a5abf8","sha256:4f6fb9f8ae01f4f9c5647f362baf7530e478298bb3eeefe59753b0a4d7e64528"],"state_sha256":"10993cd10948ee472263d49eaa07fcc8694e13a63c0bbcb37e875b8023bf5531"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iSM6feZeiqluzlH2SMbTpTbmZ/lu1kjtv05vJGZXMxSAm5yiqSBEDXw7eBMIbY4pZt/Scd8exbN09oPYsMzRBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-30T06:32:52.514847Z","bundle_sha256":"d8a3466ca2a618a8cd2b8edc760370bb29aafeba53bb910e71e45014350752f4"}}