{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y","short_pith_number":"pith:L4GKLDPM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.07421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T04:37:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"52d24b1e552947c1c4d1709bf72f260c7d7725f2da2b3fc241e8c4638d4c98e3","abstract_canon_sha256":"a0a1de52f2ccd07ef04c66f7a8f6c1e3b382b9346bfc4f969456fa4230237d42"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5f0ca58dec3732611d7f0f74b01544e6268bf8e219aff9b34b3b313f0f8026d4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2506.07421","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.07421","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.07421v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.07421","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L4GKLDPMG4ZG","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L4GKLDPM","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2506.07421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T04:37:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"title_canon_sha256":"52d24b1e552947c1c4d1709bf72f260c7d7725f2da2b3fc241e8c4638d4c98e3","abstract_canon_sha256":"a0a1de52f2ccd07ef04c66f7a8f6c1e3b382b9346bfc4f969456fa4230237d42"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5f0ca58dec3732611d7f0f74b01544e6268bf8e219aff9b34b3b313f0f8026d4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27.001444Z","signature_b64":"Av/7Oia4DqYoIYnb9cok17xWoXvYE1oBMuILdyLr2NznTkU7CzXfl5+Bo2Gv8Px+i8Wcy/qubleYQUEjKDJYCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5f0ca58dec3732611d7f0f74b01544e6268bf8e219aff9b34b3b313f0f8026d4","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27.000966Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27.000966Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2506.07421","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4UYe0p7xg309CwQLnVGn/WwDc/3Sv2ag+rgfSEiX6ty9TzYZZn950IF8G33T/A1j6KugLZU9da56axXsD234Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T13:13:54.957555Z"},"content_sha256":"2fb68f7b02c9661c9267431749b3d33e091e68d075014123167a8be1f17104ba","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2fb68f7b02c9661c9267431749b3d33e091e68d075014123167a8be1f17104ba"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The impact of extracurricular education on socioeconomic mobility in Japan: an application of causal machine learning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"primary_cat":"econ.GN","authors_text":"Yang Qiang","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T04:37:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper explores the socioeconomic impacts of extracurricular education, specifically private tutoring, on social mobility in Japan. Using data from the 2015 National Survey on Social Stratification and Social Mobility (SSM), we employed a causal machine learning approach to evaluate this educational intervention on income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige. Our research suggests that while shadow education holds the potential for positive socioeconomic impacts, its benefits are undermined by the economic disparities among households, resulting in minimal overall improvement"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.07421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2506.07421/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sn+mVeNPZ5H5q6ZCvY7DQPrQ4nRMfEA9mqcGCroqxB/vk3PTmnNYRKh17NdkhykUQP4p0ois2mOW4oRhCWJDBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T13:13:54.958051Z"},"content_sha256":"3271ef227d865e00da6ae709c53ac91e384c7ed32e84986f4da67836232f0213","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3271ef227d865e00da6ae709c53ac91e384c7ed32e84986f4da67836232f0213"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T13:13:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7B52LAFKE4Y","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a0a1de52f2ccd07ef04c66f7a8f6c1e3b382b9346bfc4f969456fa4230237d42","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T04:37:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"52d24b1e552947c1c4d1709bf72f260c7d7725f2da2b3fc241e8c4638d4c98e3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.07421","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2506.07421","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2506.07421v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.07421","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L4GKLDPMG4ZG","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L4GKLDPMG4ZGCHL7","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L4GKLDPM","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3271ef227d865e00da6ae709c53ac91e384c7ed32e84986f4da67836232f0213","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2506.07421/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This paper explores the socioeconomic impacts of extracurricular education, specifically private tutoring, on social mobility in Japan. Using data from the 2015 National Survey on Social Stratification and Social Mobility (SSM), we employed a causal machine learning approach to evaluate this educational intervention on income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige. Our research suggests that while shadow education holds the potential for positive socioeconomic impacts, its benefits are undermined by the economic disparities among households, resulting in minimal overall improvement","authors_text":"Yang Qiang","cross_cats":["q-fin.EC"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T04:37:28Z","title":"The impact of extracurricular education on socioeconomic mobility in Japan: an application of causal machine learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2506.07421","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2fb68f7b02c9661c9267431749b3d33e091e68d075014123167a8be1f17104ba","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a0a1de52f2ccd07ef04c66f7a8f6c1e3b382b9346bfc4f969456fa4230237d42","cross_cats_sorted":["q-fin.EC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"econ.GN","submitted_at":"2025-06-09T04:37:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"52d24b1e552947c1c4d1709bf72f260c7d7725f2da2b3fc241e8c4638d4c98e3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2506.07421","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5f0ca58dec3732611d7f0f74b01544e6268bf8e219aff9b34b3b313f0f8026d4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5f0ca58dec3732611d7f0f74b01544e6268bf8e219aff9b34b3b313f0f8026d4","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27.000966Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27.000966Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Av/7Oia4DqYoIYnb9cok17xWoXvYE1oBMuILdyLr2NznTkU7CzXfl5+Bo2Gv8Px+i8Wcy/qubleYQUEjKDJYCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:18:27.001444Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2506.07421","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2fb68f7b02c9661c9267431749b3d33e091e68d075014123167a8be1f17104ba","sha256:3271ef227d865e00da6ae709c53ac91e384c7ed32e84986f4da67836232f0213"],"state_sha256":"05a5cf954e031954fda7acbefa718a018eb6f0a4875dd795da1db63dfb1f4f47"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aoarlVUZ7ZogrASRtBkOMN1J1wobmbAG4UrF4+cSglVudx+PBSw8CvUenEPzg8mi06JpTxQAKBBckjUQ4Hi5Bg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T13:13:54.962382Z","bundle_sha256":"ac51d518abc43f2c8df1dd445cb4bf71a5d2e1209a6d25a8d4aa8ec0d84e45ce"}}