{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM","short_pith_number":"pith:L4WQQ2DZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2305.14230","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T16:46:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"870109be819e1cd9f085a736c4745be0c28e26cb156514b97eacdb34071c7c6f","abstract_canon_sha256":"1918db73db9edb4bc4bfd36f7e8e9690d249e9faab3f6e28fb052cb7c61ab574"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5f2d08687914f52861782ccb8b4ddd1b3721ec912c511dfbe4f7f2eceaca035a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2305.14230","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2305.14230","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2305.14230v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2305.14230","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L4WQQ2DZCT2S","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLY","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L4WQQ2DZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2305.14230","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T16:46:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"870109be819e1cd9f085a736c4745be0c28e26cb156514b97eacdb34071c7c6f","abstract_canon_sha256":"1918db73db9edb4bc4bfd36f7e8e9690d249e9faab3f6e28fb052cb7c61ab574"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5f2d08687914f52861782ccb8b4ddd1b3721ec912c511dfbe4f7f2eceaca035a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33.415292Z","signature_b64":"JWjIyZ3LCoHh+ob9hI55pcyVeuruB2eqhH6khCn4EWCRI3h7Ih3WtcI2dDvkgW94Okhy5hL3mWOHErV8SPS6CA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5f2d08687914f52861782ccb8b4ddd1b3721ec912c511dfbe4f7f2eceaca035a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33.414946Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33.414946Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2305.14230","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qccP13WR46h2uKA3YvubSsUc7d3GzVIYfueOjZkmvm28Ia77BbFpY0f37BWpQu/ZUOqd9pGM5QRgDpG9YOYtAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-20T00:13:10.665129Z"},"content_sha256":"a64f22f0f3246db80b4a9c0fb788348e8552d3a0e02e2f40912b989d18152e2b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a64f22f0f3246db80b4a9c0fb788348e8552d3a0e02e2f40912b989d18152e2b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Exploring Representational Disparities Between Multilingual and Bilingual Translation Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Kenton Murray, Kevin Duh, Neha Verma","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T16:46:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Multilingual machine translation has proven immensely useful for both parameter efficiency and overall performance across many language pairs via complete multilingual parameter sharing. However, some language pairs in multilingual models can see worse performance than in bilingual models, especially in the one-to-many translation setting. Motivated by their empirical differences, we examine the geometric differences in representations from bilingual models versus those from one-to-many multilingual models. Specifically, we compute the isotropy of these representations using intrinsic dimensio"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2305.14230","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2305.14230/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"REaFEFdlYxkGy99sWWSKJLNyac+BcIx6Ee9VWhxp3Xy+R9oniaTYriTS99AqvPxMMkodHvXFmO7VGKtxZmkjCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-20T00:13:10.665511Z"},"content_sha256":"aebbb2c5b5bc544a7bbdc3c294b413249e21d1726867ff2cfbf25456606dd414","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:aebbb2c5b5bc544a7bbdc3c294b413249e21d1726867ff2cfbf25456606dd414"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-20T00:13:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLYFTFYWTO5DM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1918db73db9edb4bc4bfd36f7e8e9690d249e9faab3f6e28fb052cb7c61ab574","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T16:46:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"870109be819e1cd9f085a736c4745be0c28e26cb156514b97eacdb34071c7c6f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2305.14230","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2305.14230","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2305.14230v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2305.14230","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L4WQQ2DZCT2S","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L4WQQ2DZCT2SQYLY","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L4WQQ2DZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:aebbb2c5b5bc544a7bbdc3c294b413249e21d1726867ff2cfbf25456606dd414","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2305.14230/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Multilingual machine translation has proven immensely useful for both parameter efficiency and overall performance across many language pairs via complete multilingual parameter sharing. However, some language pairs in multilingual models can see worse performance than in bilingual models, especially in the one-to-many translation setting. Motivated by their empirical differences, we examine the geometric differences in representations from bilingual models versus those from one-to-many multilingual models. Specifically, we compute the isotropy of these representations using intrinsic dimensio","authors_text":"Kenton Murray, Kevin Duh, Neha Verma","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T16:46:18Z","title":"Exploring Representational Disparities Between Multilingual and Bilingual Translation Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2305.14230","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a64f22f0f3246db80b4a9c0fb788348e8552d3a0e02e2f40912b989d18152e2b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1918db73db9edb4bc4bfd36f7e8e9690d249e9faab3f6e28fb052cb7c61ab574","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-05-23T16:46:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"870109be819e1cd9f085a736c4745be0c28e26cb156514b97eacdb34071c7c6f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2305.14230","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"5f2d08687914f52861782ccb8b4ddd1b3721ec912c511dfbe4f7f2eceaca035a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5f2d08687914f52861782ccb8b4ddd1b3721ec912c511dfbe4f7f2eceaca035a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33.414946Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33.414946Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JWjIyZ3LCoHh+ob9hI55pcyVeuruB2eqhH6khCn4EWCRI3h7Ih3WtcI2dDvkgW94Okhy5hL3mWOHErV8SPS6CA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:00:33.415292Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2305.14230","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a64f22f0f3246db80b4a9c0fb788348e8552d3a0e02e2f40912b989d18152e2b","sha256:aebbb2c5b5bc544a7bbdc3c294b413249e21d1726867ff2cfbf25456606dd414"],"state_sha256":"09a13526e34fa53b5a2770712f4be5afb94453a8c276a00aa719d0e3985323a4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hdCXS62vAQfHh42EQybp8HUHDfpI+JnbQMbWiVdQpm1eOq/gItzComnN23opJtOWPuGcuByGlA43/kacvb+4Bg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-20T00:13:10.667637Z","bundle_sha256":"26379a682d2b5a2d8b14e9b6762e02c193413d7583347303598eeecfdad2b4c5"}}