{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:L6NIHMTJ4J2IWRUCYD3EBGSU4F","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ef0ef8d095b1ffe211ed333455a7b4909d04bc0fee1b20a854cce055c5bc04f3","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV","cs.HC","cs.IR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-01-26T18:55:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"49dc68f6039abc39421824c6c0471dfc93d40ba2b92562b10be501b3954aed10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2301.11316","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2301.11316","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2301.11316v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2301.11316","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L6NIHMTJ4J2I","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L6NIHMTJ4J2IWRUC","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L6NIHMTJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4ff2e9519fe30f4cd8d60334230107fe5b60d8e08fe88432e9dd2b45ec8517f0","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2301.11316/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This work formulates the machine learning mechanism as a bi-level optimization problem. The inner level optimization loop entails minimizing a properly chosen loss function evaluated on the training data. This is nothing but the well-studied training process in pursuit of optimal model parameters. The outer level optimization loop is less well-studied and involves maximizing a properly chosen performance metric evaluated on the validation data. This is what we call the \"iteration process\", pursuing optimal model hyper-parameters. Among many other degrees of freedom, this process entails model ","authors_text":"Maziar Raissi","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CV","cs.HC","cs.IR"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-01-26T18:55:43Z","title":"Open Problems in Applied Deep Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2301.11316","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0e991870194df89600c25b74273e9242e0550bf8d78b11770d13d364a89832be","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ef0ef8d095b1ffe211ed333455a7b4909d04bc0fee1b20a854cce055c5bc04f3","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CV","cs.HC","cs.IR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-01-26T18:55:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"49dc68f6039abc39421824c6c0471dfc93d40ba2b92562b10be501b3954aed10"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2301.11316","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5f9a83b269e2748b4682c0f6409a54e171acba07f1b24b31f92ad06c5fcbaad8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5f9a83b269e2748b4682c0f6409a54e171acba07f1b24b31f92ad06c5fcbaad8","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12.548630Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12.548630Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"uzDnSFT/kDs9VMsnoeYP3wvkJB1hH6hYrV/XIfljrWDDFeUowhTpid+Mbp7j/Er0bXx92jgeZh+RuswdFFAVAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:36:12.549097Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2301.11316","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0e991870194df89600c25b74273e9242e0550bf8d78b11770d13d364a89832be","sha256:4ff2e9519fe30f4cd8d60334230107fe5b60d8e08fe88432e9dd2b45ec8517f0"],"state_sha256":"d1659a8dc567b7d8db5762704060975a2841dbf70d55b530bbb0540738919ed3"}