{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM","short_pith_number":"pith:L6PHDJW4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.07023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T20:45:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.DB"],"title_canon_sha256":"04a44de6a5969e025607d647da57941b32a3b6ce3eb23fcf8fba86af76bed95f","abstract_canon_sha256":"16f11f1aeb32eab053afb6dd4c6fb513f83d53bf810bcb0e34408a0cc5e4855b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5f9e71a6dc9110c348b384d04950d8bb0e02453498e502d6349bd5c02081b082","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2010.07023","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.07023","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.07023v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.07023","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L6PHDJW4SEIM","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L6PHDJW4","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.07023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T20:45:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.DB"],"title_canon_sha256":"04a44de6a5969e025607d647da57941b32a3b6ce3eb23fcf8fba86af76bed95f","abstract_canon_sha256":"16f11f1aeb32eab053afb6dd4c6fb513f83d53bf810bcb0e34408a0cc5e4855b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5f9e71a6dc9110c348b384d04950d8bb0e02453498e502d6349bd5c02081b082","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02.033551Z","signature_b64":"7WxjvPHtsFeHwq6umCCy1t9Z4/Bbp3LtJrRGpV/fjSSI4+hwcJs+hGMzNS3TmtxQ+zhd6pbHmCkXUS+5sI9vDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5f9e71a6dc9110c348b384d04950d8bb0e02453498e502d6349bd5c02081b082","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02.033188Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02.033188Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2010.07023","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zNFXMB2vbExPQMIoBJCJaruDTGRRZeQ0ZDUQjV9+LUf3hIxm5yhMKT7VQXJ0teGkBZLKPcHbDgk8sbu5XFrLCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:17:24.530579Z"},"content_sha256":"5abf5f4a7b7ccc4c125da7216817992377c04fedd46a2906b367839ca5840aae","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5abf5f4a7b7ccc4c125da7216817992377c04fedd46a2906b367839ca5840aae"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Understanding bias in facial recognition technologies","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CV","cs.DB"],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"David Leslie","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T20:45:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"Over the past couple of years, the growing debate around automated facial recognition has reached a boiling point. As developers have continued to swiftly expand the scope of these kinds of technologies into an almost unbounded range of applications, an increasingly strident chorus of critical voices has sounded concerns about the injurious effects of the proliferation of such systems. Opponents argue that the irresponsible design and use of facial detection and recognition technologies (FDRTs) threatens to violate civil liberties, infringe on basic human rights and further entrench structural"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.07023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2010.07023/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"u0JHWJ6jIQTEGBQ3NK8B68BZA7Xho4TPxOkOQx20bKoJVXyjoW5KQUi8eu15053kS/CxjDRo0DTf8aEo8FCOCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:17:24.531097Z"},"content_sha256":"95966944df6e28476ba086e53adf3f2e58a0efdd9ec79e0f272b23103370cf0d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:95966944df6e28476ba086e53adf3f2e58a0efdd9ec79e0f272b23103370cf0d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T07:17:24Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFTQTIESUGYXM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"16f11f1aeb32eab053afb6dd4c6fb513f83d53bf810bcb0e34408a0cc5e4855b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.DB"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T20:45:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"04a44de6a5969e025607d647da57941b32a3b6ce3eb23fcf8fba86af76bed95f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.07023","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.07023","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.07023v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.07023","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L6PHDJW4SEIM","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L6PHDJW4SEIMGSFT","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L6PHDJW4","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:95966944df6e28476ba086e53adf3f2e58a0efdd9ec79e0f272b23103370cf0d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2010.07023/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Over the past couple of years, the growing debate around automated facial recognition has reached a boiling point. As developers have continued to swiftly expand the scope of these kinds of technologies into an almost unbounded range of applications, an increasingly strident chorus of critical voices has sounded concerns about the injurious effects of the proliferation of such systems. Opponents argue that the irresponsible design and use of facial detection and recognition technologies (FDRTs) threatens to violate civil liberties, infringe on basic human rights and further entrench structural","authors_text":"David Leslie","cross_cats":["cs.CV","cs.DB"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T20:45:46Z","title":"Understanding bias in facial recognition technologies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.07023","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5abf5f4a7b7ccc4c125da7216817992377c04fedd46a2906b367839ca5840aae","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"16f11f1aeb32eab053afb6dd4c6fb513f83d53bf810bcb0e34408a0cc5e4855b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CV","cs.DB"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2020-10-05T20:45:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"04a44de6a5969e025607d647da57941b32a3b6ce3eb23fcf8fba86af76bed95f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.07023","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5f9e71a6dc9110c348b384d04950d8bb0e02453498e502d6349bd5c02081b082","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5f9e71a6dc9110c348b384d04950d8bb0e02453498e502d6349bd5c02081b082","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02.033188Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02.033188Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7WxjvPHtsFeHwq6umCCy1t9Z4/Bbp3LtJrRGpV/fjSSI4+hwcJs+hGMzNS3TmtxQ+zhd6pbHmCkXUS+5sI9vDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:43:02.033551Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2010.07023","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5abf5f4a7b7ccc4c125da7216817992377c04fedd46a2906b367839ca5840aae","sha256:95966944df6e28476ba086e53adf3f2e58a0efdd9ec79e0f272b23103370cf0d"],"state_sha256":"6de52aa94ac296db379149b59262145fb2d6e95ec6490a4ce17a0db35df1fb42"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eMkP7QztFCIB2sL+sezc/vzWCJtekp8c655gfUOV/WUHBX9G8Z9pMvMMo9b0sb96suyvLzMjiJ6qssHKeZPPBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T07:17:24.535899Z","bundle_sha256":"3b277acc99eace34b81d4d2b8235ad7c50e69b64283146e32fcba98cbb783037"}}