{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55","short_pith_number":"pith:L6UH3QJE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1407.6297","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-23T17:05:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI","nlin.AO","physics.bio-ph","q-bio.PE"],"title_canon_sha256":"766fe7b4c3ce24e7922bd3e1cda55a257fafc25a0c9c2d82fc5e0ba786f33bf4","abstract_canon_sha256":"c5b6e7d46b8b55cfc584ea89a4a8bcdb0db5042889ad9877575d60568a83e133"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5fa87dc12457d1600f6f4b4133c720ef5c6a0937999a2025f0d59d9aba39b829","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1407.6297","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1407.6297","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1407.6297v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1407.6297","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L6UH3QJEK7IW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L6UH3QJE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:35Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1407.6297","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-23T17:05:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI","nlin.AO","physics.bio-ph","q-bio.PE"],"title_canon_sha256":"766fe7b4c3ce24e7922bd3e1cda55a257fafc25a0c9c2d82fc5e0ba786f33bf4","abstract_canon_sha256":"c5b6e7d46b8b55cfc584ea89a4a8bcdb0db5042889ad9877575d60568a83e133"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5fa87dc12457d1600f6f4b4133c720ef5c6a0937999a2025f0d59d9aba39b829","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55.060550Z","signature_b64":"WrqcvbAPniDdhdN3es4HvsB7so8BXujpk+Hz3TCUX/0PbHRKMHnCpS7vmLBdy/QYPfoLllIb/aHc0qGpmLQ5Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5fa87dc12457d1600f6f4b4133c720ef5c6a0937999a2025f0d59d9aba39b829","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55.060177Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55.060177Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1407.6297","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TG8ed8ZkCLoZW/40g2HVxuvrdhSIkFGOQJv/IQ9kXKZursiopbw42rB7pUJp+EDAxDQP/LY+JF8Q0SSQiC7WBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T05:23:52.697959Z"},"content_sha256":"145b5574c2d147b8bb0d197edcdd5fe6d0f6090ed5d2e65411dbd65b7df0704d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:145b5574c2d147b8bb0d197edcdd5fe6d0f6090ed5d2e65411dbd65b7df0704d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Null Models for Community Detection in Spatially-Embedded, Temporal Networks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI","nlin.AO","physics.bio-ph","q-bio.PE"],"primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","authors_text":"Elizabeth A. Leicht, Gerardo Chowell, Marta Sarzynska, Mason A. Porter","submitted_at":"2014-07-23T17:05:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"In the study of networks, it is often insightful to use algorithms to determine mesoscale features such as \"community structure\", in which densely connected sets of nodes constitute \"communities\" that have sparse connections to other communities. The most popular way of detecting communities algorithmically is to optimize the quality function known as modularity. When optimizing modularity, one compares the actual connections in a (static or time-dependent) network to the connections obtained from a random-graph ensemble that acts as a null model. The communities are then the sets of nodes tha"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1407.6297","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KqYB+rnglJ/FkHBcsoKXcsIOlCkabrJfj9q0oFihNPA+ORNEzPLybjYZi+Fp0oVY3q31J3VaOptxr7cL8PdcAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T05:23:52.698514Z"},"content_sha256":"c1c00f52fb905ee19be018d8fef85b21c573963015a389d9686a40dccf9a3858","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c1c00f52fb905ee19be018d8fef85b21c573963015a389d9686a40dccf9a3858"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T05:23:52Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3PJNATHRZA55","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c5b6e7d46b8b55cfc584ea89a4a8bcdb0db5042889ad9877575d60568a83e133","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI","nlin.AO","physics.bio-ph","q-bio.PE"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-23T17:05:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"766fe7b4c3ce24e7922bd3e1cda55a257fafc25a0c9c2d82fc5e0ba786f33bf4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1407.6297","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1407.6297","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1407.6297v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1407.6297","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"L6UH3QJEK7IW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"L6UH3QJEK7IWAD3P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"L6UH3QJE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:35Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c1c00f52fb905ee19be018d8fef85b21c573963015a389d9686a40dccf9a3858","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In the study of networks, it is often insightful to use algorithms to determine mesoscale features such as \"community structure\", in which densely connected sets of nodes constitute \"communities\" that have sparse connections to other communities. The most popular way of detecting communities algorithmically is to optimize the quality function known as modularity. When optimizing modularity, one compares the actual connections in a (static or time-dependent) network to the connections obtained from a random-graph ensemble that acts as a null model. The communities are then the sets of nodes tha","authors_text":"Elizabeth A. Leicht, Gerardo Chowell, Marta Sarzynska, Mason A. Porter","cross_cats":["cs.SI","nlin.AO","physics.bio-ph","q-bio.PE"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-23T17:05:07Z","title":"Null Models for Community Detection in Spatially-Embedded, Temporal Networks"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1407.6297","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:145b5574c2d147b8bb0d197edcdd5fe6d0f6090ed5d2e65411dbd65b7df0704d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c5b6e7d46b8b55cfc584ea89a4a8bcdb0db5042889ad9877575d60568a83e133","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI","nlin.AO","physics.bio-ph","q-bio.PE"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.soc-ph","submitted_at":"2014-07-23T17:05:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"766fe7b4c3ce24e7922bd3e1cda55a257fafc25a0c9c2d82fc5e0ba786f33bf4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1407.6297","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"5fa87dc12457d1600f6f4b4133c720ef5c6a0937999a2025f0d59d9aba39b829","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5fa87dc12457d1600f6f4b4133c720ef5c6a0937999a2025f0d59d9aba39b829","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55.060177Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55.060177Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"WrqcvbAPniDdhdN3es4HvsB7so8BXujpk+Hz3TCUX/0PbHRKMHnCpS7vmLBdy/QYPfoLllIb/aHc0qGpmLQ5Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:55.060550Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1407.6297","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:145b5574c2d147b8bb0d197edcdd5fe6d0f6090ed5d2e65411dbd65b7df0704d","sha256:c1c00f52fb905ee19be018d8fef85b21c573963015a389d9686a40dccf9a3858"],"state_sha256":"41df06eca63386fe05b3a78a8902f688b1901711d0ac163ccf0a3f5273a7e3cc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mJkqmvDp0ZRHBrqyufeQyMVtKZCuu84NyMnd0x28RNyfe51MIaueQfInkq7dqF43g6QyWHc5i0ePUSDA70uBAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T05:23:52.700928Z","bundle_sha256":"c9f8fe365bae398e03413e3da660ee9695eac38e15733ffde4b97d0e337de593"}}