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By varying $Pr$ between 0.1 and 100, we show that the global mean temperature $\\langle \\overline{T} \\rangle$ is not very sensitive to $Pr$, and is primarily controlled by the dynamics of the unstably stratified top boundary layer. In contrast, the Prandtl number dictates the behavior of the lower, stably stratified region and affects the vertical convective heat flux $\\langle \\overline{wT} \\ra"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":true,"formal_links_present":true},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.21860","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T12:36:30Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"cbec39bf1bcfadb1544f2d29002add631191415c5637e197a79ab11e88c5396a","abstract_canon_sha256":"7768ac6655fa9cbdf76b978d471b4ab2a9bd5f5666ac663b810bc2ffbc7584ef"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:23.352890Z","signature_b64":"vb//ViOEpm+r+Y8aol7LKHdVDcLhwgpxHu83SbTR5RNTfVH/GyN6yfJEQbR6qswG4R1QSknMz1uA8bbEHT8JCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5fdc341a809403e1f8eabb5a4d2432f8caadc611226bfe4b5e8b1e94d648db92","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:23.352135Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:23.352135Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Prandtl number dependence of rotating internally heated convection","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Global mean temperature in internally heated convection depends little on Prandtl number and is set by the top unstable boundary layer.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Ali Arslan, Rodolfo Ostilla-M\\'onico","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T12:36:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"We investigate the influence of the Prandtl number ($Pr$) on penetrative internally heated convection (IHC) in both non-rotating and rotating regimes using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. By varying $Pr$ between 0.1 and 100, we show that the global mean temperature $\\langle \\overline{T} \\rangle$ is not very sensitive to $Pr$, and is primarily controlled by the dynamics of the unstably stratified top boundary layer. In contrast, the Prandtl number dictates the behavior of the lower, stably stratified region and affects the vertical convective heat flux $\\langle \\overline{wT} \\ra"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We show that the global mean temperature ⟨T¯⟩ is not very sensitive to Pr, and is primarily controlled by the dynamics of the unstably stratified top boundary layer. In contrast, the Prandtl number dictates the behavior of the lower, stably stratified region and affects the vertical convective heat flux ⟨wT¯⟩.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The direct numerical simulations resolve all relevant scales across the Pr range 0.1–100 and correctly capture the transition between non-rotating and rotating regimes without significant numerical artifacts or domain-size effects.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Global mean temperature in internally heated convection stays largely insensitive to Prandtl number and is set by the top unstable layer, while heat flux and stable-layer behavior vary strongly with Pr; rotation boosts flux for Pr at or above 1 via Ekman pumping.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Global mean temperature in internally heated convection depends little on Prandtl number and is set by the top unstable boundary layer.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"7064af6c0ef441cef90a6fcdca6fd6299268fbd76dac748657f35a734dcd7316"},"source":{"id":"2602.21860","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"7841d1f1-70f5-4b32-8bef-41dc49c10984","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T19:41:42.275293Z","strongest_claim":"We show that the global mean temperature ⟨T¯⟩ is not very sensitive to Pr, and is primarily controlled by the dynamics of the unstably stratified top boundary layer. In contrast, the Prandtl number dictates the behavior of the lower, stably stratified region and affects the vertical convective heat flux ⟨wT¯⟩.","one_line_summary":"Global mean temperature in internally heated convection stays largely insensitive to Prandtl number and is set by the top unstable layer, while heat flux and stable-layer behavior vary strongly with Pr; rotation boosts flux for Pr at or above 1 via Ekman pumping.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The direct numerical simulations resolve all relevant scales across the Pr range 0.1–100 and correctly capture the transition between non-rotating and rotating regimes without significant numerical artifacts or domain-size effects.","pith_extraction_headline":"Global mean temperature in internally heated convection depends little on Prandtl number and is set by the top unstable boundary layer."},"references":{"count":27,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"Abbate, J. A. & Aurnou, J. M.2023 Rotating convective turbulence in moderate to high prandtl number fluids.Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics117(6), 397–436","work_id":"45b1e255-19a0-40b1-8c22-120311b4603b","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2021,"title":"& Wynn, A.2021 Bounds on heat transport for convection driven by internal heating.Journal of Fluid Mechanics919, A15","work_id":"f2ed6f77-1d55-4e6a-8a8d-d3c7c749a522","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Arslan, A. & Rojas, R. E.2025 New bounds for heat transport in internally heated convection at infinite prandtl number.Journal of Mathematical Physics66(2), 023101. 18 𝑃𝑟 Γ ⟨𝑤𝑇⟩ ⟨𝑇⟩ 𝑅𝑒 𝑤 Γ ⟨𝑤𝑇⟩ ⟨𝑇⟩ 𝑅𝑒","work_id":"ac002a73-9291-4609-bdde-4b4919c16e51","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2015,"title":"Aurnou, J. M., Calkins, M. A., Cheng, J. S., Julien, K., King, E. M., Nieves, D., Soderlund, K. 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