{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3","short_pith_number":"pith:LBAI4GVB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2012.00245","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2020-12-01T03:51:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"74d499aec8918a58e22d4d66f42f69559554c006d01563b77ff505bfcec84859","abstract_canon_sha256":"6c41469e1ac1c04f279cddc7132dbb19d854b4986f043e6d33acc6875ea23559"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"58408e1aa1ba373ece8f3fa46028f906ff08cd6a7565d6d8fde587ce64504719","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2012.00245","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2012.00245","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2012.00245v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2012.00245","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LBAI4GVBXI3T","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUP","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LBAI4GVB","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2012.00245","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2020-12-01T03:51:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"74d499aec8918a58e22d4d66f42f69559554c006d01563b77ff505bfcec84859","abstract_canon_sha256":"6c41469e1ac1c04f279cddc7132dbb19d854b4986f043e6d33acc6875ea23559"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"58408e1aa1ba373ece8f3fa46028f906ff08cd6a7565d6d8fde587ce64504719","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34.013414Z","signature_b64":"9Nc+h3L72F/Qi/jyq4FgXgGsBihK+YBdqeG5OeIRHNA0j6f44PhyCcWzO5IfwT19AC9QWtfFZVMuNopjClAPCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"58408e1aa1ba373ece8f3fa46028f906ff08cd6a7565d6d8fde587ce64504719","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34.012941Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34.012941Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2012.00245","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"pDANSIdH9TjjBb/3wTo++M8WFaF2UOcMtJA6G85m7GCWYZ29I5qNpUcq+fqPS71MJhzWCKGnlqkShu6e5s5xDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T00:32:41.258681Z"},"content_sha256":"697b22478f04d2cbdec758a11b2deee199efc018794833ff14dcadfc410af1a4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:697b22478f04d2cbdec758a11b2deee199efc018794833ff14dcadfc410af1a4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Estimation of Radio Refractivity from a Decade Satellite Derived Meteorological Data for West Africa","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","authors_text":"A. O. Falaiye, E. Bada, O. J. Abimbola, S. Muhammad, Y. M. Sukam","submitted_at":"2020-12-01T03:51:36Z","abstract_excerpt":"Radio refractivity, which is the bending of radio signal as it propagates through media, is very important in works involving terrestrial atmospheric electromagnetic propagation such as point-to-point microwave communication, terrestrial radio and television broadcast, mobile communication system, and so on. This study has focused on the West African region where it was found that the region has a refractivity which varies exponentially with height and from the coast towards the desert. Generally, refractivity gradient was found to range between -46.48 and -29.51 N-units/km (k-factor value of "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2012.00245","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2012.00245/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QaKc/YkmBSQ9ldMKowPzITiGDw8Gr2rOKVAL5VhirkGRE7qTta+KfYNTKHfvU4iOtXw8V7CdwVGyE0CSsxiyCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T00:32:41.259182Z"},"content_sha256":"ccece57d8db7f36d676fb6fb222d95fac40190d8f71ffe1cb6857529e781b944","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ccece57d8db7f36d676fb6fb222d95fac40190d8f71ffe1cb6857529e781b944"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T00:32:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUPH6SGAKHZA3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6c41469e1ac1c04f279cddc7132dbb19d854b4986f043e6d33acc6875ea23559","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2020-12-01T03:51:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"74d499aec8918a58e22d4d66f42f69559554c006d01563b77ff505bfcec84859"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2012.00245","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2012.00245","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2012.00245v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2012.00245","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LBAI4GVBXI3T","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LBAI4GVBXI3T5TUP","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LBAI4GVB","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ccece57d8db7f36d676fb6fb222d95fac40190d8f71ffe1cb6857529e781b944","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2012.00245/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Radio refractivity, which is the bending of radio signal as it propagates through media, is very important in works involving terrestrial atmospheric electromagnetic propagation such as point-to-point microwave communication, terrestrial radio and television broadcast, mobile communication system, and so on. This study has focused on the West African region where it was found that the region has a refractivity which varies exponentially with height and from the coast towards the desert. Generally, refractivity gradient was found to range between -46.48 and -29.51 N-units/km (k-factor value of ","authors_text":"A. O. Falaiye, E. Bada, O. J. Abimbola, S. Muhammad, Y. M. Sukam","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2020-12-01T03:51:36Z","title":"Estimation of Radio Refractivity from a Decade Satellite Derived Meteorological Data for West Africa"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2012.00245","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:697b22478f04d2cbdec758a11b2deee199efc018794833ff14dcadfc410af1a4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6c41469e1ac1c04f279cddc7132dbb19d854b4986f043e6d33acc6875ea23559","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ao-ph","submitted_at":"2020-12-01T03:51:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"74d499aec8918a58e22d4d66f42f69559554c006d01563b77ff505bfcec84859"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2012.00245","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"58408e1aa1ba373ece8f3fa46028f906ff08cd6a7565d6d8fde587ce64504719","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"58408e1aa1ba373ece8f3fa46028f906ff08cd6a7565d6d8fde587ce64504719","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34.012941Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34.012941Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9Nc+h3L72F/Qi/jyq4FgXgGsBihK+YBdqeG5OeIRHNA0j6f44PhyCcWzO5IfwT19AC9QWtfFZVMuNopjClAPCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:55:34.013414Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2012.00245","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:697b22478f04d2cbdec758a11b2deee199efc018794833ff14dcadfc410af1a4","sha256:ccece57d8db7f36d676fb6fb222d95fac40190d8f71ffe1cb6857529e781b944"],"state_sha256":"8acffad4d055daf1d6b7ad8a713551d551a2def3b55cecff1980af589844e0c0"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8oYPctlYkxSeMIluM6BZe5LXp0Xb/17ro69Q5hkWec9sxJ6VtYSxwL9/35GIZjUwR9gSF/bDXeBsprSai8RVDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T00:32:41.263976Z","bundle_sha256":"3277d38c06a18548bd5debb3eb81c1eeed73b6a4afb171c7af4f0c4be14845a1"}}