{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS","short_pith_number":"pith:LGOF7XOU","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"599c5fddd41ebc0ce8d555ebad7fcdac94b18cea2bfdec5454acc7847d517912","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2606.24721","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Two-Level vs. Multi-Level Modelling: An Empirical Study of Cascading Maintenance Burden","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Bowen Jiang, Georg Grossmann, Haowei Cheng, Karamjit Kaur, Markus Stumptner, Matt Selway, Weixing Zhang, Yuhong Fu","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"When a core definition changes, every dependent artefact must be updated, a cascading problem central to software maintenance. In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), the dominant two-level modelling (2LM) paradigm fragments domain knowledge across metamodel and model artefacts that must be kept mutually consistent, making co-evolution a persistent source of inconsistencies and effort. Multi-level modelling (MLM) unifies these artefacts and is claimed to reduce co-evolution burden, but this has not been tested in a controlled, paired comparison against 2LM. We hypothesise that MLM's structural unif"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2606.24721","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d01cc2f3f2918d17de5871fc4798b4d7a42dc79bc34d77dd54584e4647ada776","abstract_canon_sha256":"52023f153bad90cd1c2eb2cf1cc56707a7dab1d474fa03d353ba88cd570cfd65"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039414Z","signature_b64":"cfd9R8TnDkiOMzspo+LS3m+zi9P1KVVAM6Y4UjFFiF82cQ9jFsACZNAhLvOxVqK3/xwNgatMsewl+7to2cFCBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"599c5fddd41ebc0ce8d555ebad7fcdac94b18cea2bfdec5454acc7847d517912","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039000Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039000Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Two-Level vs. Multi-Level Modelling: An Empirical Study of Cascading Maintenance Burden","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SE","authors_text":"Bowen Jiang, Georg Grossmann, Haowei Cheng, Karamjit Kaur, Markus Stumptner, Matt Selway, Weixing Zhang, Yuhong Fu","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"When a core definition changes, every dependent artefact must be updated, a cascading problem central to software maintenance. In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), the dominant two-level modelling (2LM) paradigm fragments domain knowledge across metamodel and model artefacts that must be kept mutually consistent, making co-evolution a persistent source of inconsistencies and effort. Multi-level modelling (MLM) unifies these artefacts and is claimed to reduce co-evolution burden, but this has not been tested in a controlled, paired comparison against 2LM. We hypothesise that MLM's structural unif"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.24721","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2606.24721/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2606.24721","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2606.24721v1","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.24721","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LGOF7XOUD26A","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GV","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LGOF7XOU","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS","json":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/LGOF7XOU"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/LGOF7XOU","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2606.24721&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00","updated_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039058+00:00"}