{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GVKXV2276NVS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"52023f153bad90cd1c2eb2cf1cc56707a7dab1d474fa03d353ba88cd570cfd65","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"d01cc2f3f2918d17de5871fc4798b4d7a42dc79bc34d77dd54584e4647ada776"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2606.24721","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2606.24721","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2606.24721v1","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.24721","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LGOF7XOUD26A","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LGOF7XOUD26AZ2GV","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LGOF7XOU","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:22863a2977f2016ba7b68cd5da6d202f05deb5a590998fe83800364e7e56c478","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2606.24721/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"When a core definition changes, every dependent artefact must be updated, a cascading problem central to software maintenance. In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), the dominant two-level modelling (2LM) paradigm fragments domain knowledge across metamodel and model artefacts that must be kept mutually consistent, making co-evolution a persistent source of inconsistencies and effort. Multi-level modelling (MLM) unifies these artefacts and is claimed to reduce co-evolution burden, but this has not been tested in a controlled, paired comparison against 2LM. We hypothesise that MLM's structural unif","authors_text":"Bowen Jiang, Georg Grossmann, Haowei Cheng, Karamjit Kaur, Markus Stumptner, Matt Selway, Weixing Zhang, Yuhong Fu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","title":"Two-Level vs. Multi-Level Modelling: An Empirical Study of Cascading Maintenance Burden"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2606.24721","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5b8c67dc2e51058c43676cc5ac3d48dd5b62ba0b17bb36374e4e3fb61f51043c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"52023f153bad90cd1c2eb2cf1cc56707a7dab1d474fa03d353ba88cd570cfd65","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SE","submitted_at":"2026-06-23T15:47:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"d01cc2f3f2918d17de5871fc4798b4d7a42dc79bc34d77dd54584e4647ada776"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2606.24721","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"599c5fddd41ebc0ce8d555ebad7fcdac94b18cea2bfdec5454acc7847d517912","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"599c5fddd41ebc0ce8d555ebad7fcdac94b18cea2bfdec5454acc7847d517912","first_computed_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039000Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039000Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cfd9R8TnDkiOMzspo+LS3m+zi9P1KVVAM6Y4UjFFiF82cQ9jFsACZNAhLvOxVqK3/xwNgatMsewl+7to2cFCBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-24T01:15:40.039414Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2606.24721","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5b8c67dc2e51058c43676cc5ac3d48dd5b62ba0b17bb36374e4e3fb61f51043c","sha256:22863a2977f2016ba7b68cd5da6d202f05deb5a590998fe83800364e7e56c478"],"state_sha256":"febd47dab599fc5a85e9c065486430243d8faf4ada9ab973381e2c1f1fe24fd8"}