{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD","short_pith_number":"pith:LJNLCYJG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.16221","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T06:56:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"175b6e7345324165af029bea5ffa6bbe751d4d77d6ac871c5f1fa5c2863937a7","abstract_canon_sha256":"241fe045c600f9836224c56d8778880ef40ff327cb9514b58978b2fe2998e984"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5a5ab1612608cd53e1ac17fa200827b0ed8fa8f801d97a9fe8045d1d0dbe42c3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2407.16221","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.16221","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.16221v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.16221","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LJNLCYJGBDGV","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNM","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LJNLCYJG","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.16221","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T06:56:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"175b6e7345324165af029bea5ffa6bbe751d4d77d6ac871c5f1fa5c2863937a7","abstract_canon_sha256":"241fe045c600f9836224c56d8778880ef40ff327cb9514b58978b2fe2998e984"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5a5ab1612608cd53e1ac17fa200827b0ed8fa8f801d97a9fe8045d1d0dbe42c3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48.992692Z","signature_b64":"idxZFx66AcVDBEDi31j6/rsrBs862sDD+pcubF4/NauWifpmJR4DSAU9s2qJXsfbvB6m1k2hsjewDaJtHmLLAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5a5ab1612608cd53e1ac17fa200827b0ed8fa8f801d97a9fe8045d1d0dbe42c3","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48.992157Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48.992157Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2407.16221","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cpDJtRsM/gyxsiyeMILuYD4WXPB5BMsPzpjjAAeSPieoFW/WhfJ8CUwPTIXrW+fchqt2ddExfNz3clrwme3KCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-22T10:06:54.963587Z"},"content_sha256":"ba8d6d6bcb3d80e3e27599d29a6ef5f9f52fec80112a10d0db05d20f4b6e9103","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ba8d6d6bcb3d80e3e27599d29a6ef5f9f52fec80112a10d0db05d20f4b6e9103"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Do LLMs Know When to NOT Answer? Investigating Abstention Abilities of Large Language Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Masoud Hashemi, Nishanth Madhusudhan, Sathwik Tejaswi Madhusudhan, Vikas Yadav","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T06:56:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"Abstention Ability (AA) is a critical aspect of Large Language Model (LLM) reliability, referring to an LLM's capability to withhold responses when uncertain or lacking a definitive answer, without compromising performance. Although previous studies have attempted to improve AA, they lack a standardised evaluation method and remain unsuitable for black-box models where token prediction probabilities are inaccessible. This makes comparative analysis challenging, especially for state-of-the-art closed-source commercial LLMs. This paper bridges this gap by introducing a black-box evaluation appro"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.16221","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2407.16221/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jgbZq000uka5PpYc6RAYbm/5jgT87la54gAFh+s34vqJdqva6FrAm9zvjL/aSS9zg7Lmn7LtA46tJnp1BLNaDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-22T10:06:54.963944Z"},"content_sha256":"af1ce4e46ca7ee13ec31149b4e56b1d958f2800c68f18ff35f72b22d97c039bf","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:af1ce4e46ca7ee13ec31149b4e56b1d958f2800c68f18ff35f72b22d97c039bf"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-22T10:06:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNMC75CACBHWD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"241fe045c600f9836224c56d8778880ef40ff327cb9514b58978b2fe2998e984","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T06:56:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"175b6e7345324165af029bea5ffa6bbe751d4d77d6ac871c5f1fa5c2863937a7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.16221","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.16221","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.16221v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.16221","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LJNLCYJGBDGV","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LJNLCYJGBDGVHYNM","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LJNLCYJG","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:af1ce4e46ca7ee13ec31149b4e56b1d958f2800c68f18ff35f72b22d97c039bf","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2407.16221/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Abstention Ability (AA) is a critical aspect of Large Language Model (LLM) reliability, referring to an LLM's capability to withhold responses when uncertain or lacking a definitive answer, without compromising performance. Although previous studies have attempted to improve AA, they lack a standardised evaluation method and remain unsuitable for black-box models where token prediction probabilities are inaccessible. This makes comparative analysis challenging, especially for state-of-the-art closed-source commercial LLMs. This paper bridges this gap by introducing a black-box evaluation appro","authors_text":"Masoud Hashemi, Nishanth Madhusudhan, Sathwik Tejaswi Madhusudhan, Vikas Yadav","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T06:56:54Z","title":"Do LLMs Know When to NOT Answer? Investigating Abstention Abilities of Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.16221","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ba8d6d6bcb3d80e3e27599d29a6ef5f9f52fec80112a10d0db05d20f4b6e9103","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"241fe045c600f9836224c56d8778880ef40ff327cb9514b58978b2fe2998e984","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-07-23T06:56:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"175b6e7345324165af029bea5ffa6bbe751d4d77d6ac871c5f1fa5c2863937a7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.16221","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"5a5ab1612608cd53e1ac17fa200827b0ed8fa8f801d97a9fe8045d1d0dbe42c3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5a5ab1612608cd53e1ac17fa200827b0ed8fa8f801d97a9fe8045d1d0dbe42c3","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48.992157Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48.992157Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"idxZFx66AcVDBEDi31j6/rsrBs862sDD+pcubF4/NauWifpmJR4DSAU9s2qJXsfbvB6m1k2hsjewDaJtHmLLAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:10:48.992692Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2407.16221","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ba8d6d6bcb3d80e3e27599d29a6ef5f9f52fec80112a10d0db05d20f4b6e9103","sha256:af1ce4e46ca7ee13ec31149b4e56b1d958f2800c68f18ff35f72b22d97c039bf"],"state_sha256":"5a1d1ad9da51f2004e113dd012f629e93f2acf132926dd70bbd7e6b3314c67b7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AxVMSchUsYOuYX1qTUY04gDdPGU1IMw160IayI51SlHVUP5qL0HEjN9I/UJLyzuXpyoovNL+ShPbRyUNDK9sAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-22T10:06:54.966028Z","bundle_sha256":"02164895c7f462ac20c723a074e6ca49ddb121d17b282e05f1780dce4c1b9150"}}