{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ","short_pith_number":"pith:LKSKPTCN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.09942","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2024-07-13T16:36:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"307d874f8236569656c89495d73685f5de80e6458cc58476d9162becb02c6575","abstract_canon_sha256":"de9005fcbd5b769f22c5eadf709a7075591c1cea055d80dcef781178bb88190c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5aa4a7cc4d6be547141ac2fa152ba77c16b7e198eb73ba8a5ff14c8b46578f8d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2407.09942","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.09942","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.09942v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.09942","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LKSKPTCNNPSU","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LKSKPTCN","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2407.09942","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2024-07-13T16:36:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"307d874f8236569656c89495d73685f5de80e6458cc58476d9162becb02c6575","abstract_canon_sha256":"de9005fcbd5b769f22c5eadf709a7075591c1cea055d80dcef781178bb88190c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5aa4a7cc4d6be547141ac2fa152ba77c16b7e198eb73ba8a5ff14c8b46578f8d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01.811516Z","signature_b64":"hsgk+P6rxLLQWPIIAkWqwvFNHTU6j0MVpv26qruez8qpetYIQLbaZiGIuoWtfgAjNmpq+u4SQKmSqviu5lqFDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5aa4a7cc4d6be547141ac2fa152ba77c16b7e198eb73ba8a5ff14c8b46578f8d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01.811008Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01.811008Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2407.09942","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FcdsCF59TNBwXvRXym/HcCrCoyiX7botjD2HOZvVRPA4mMiz3Q3TUSHsI6dAloh8NVSvYmrKHzRW1sKTadN8Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T01:14:23.467537Z"},"content_sha256":"e58438d2a6842c61be007a839a8490cbe5dcbaa11b91684c017ef7e90bd3b711","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e58438d2a6842c61be007a839a8490cbe5dcbaa11b91684c017ef7e90bd3b711"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Benchmarking quantum gates and circuits","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Daniel A. Lidar, Daria Kowsari, Eli M. Levenson-Falk, Haimeng Zhang, Kumar Saurav, Vinay Tripathi","submitted_at":"2024-07-13T16:36:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Accurate noise characterization in quantum gates and circuits is vital for the development of reliable quantum simulations for chemically relevant systems and fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper reviews a variety of key benchmarking techniques, including Randomized Benchmarking, Quantum Process Tomography, Gate Set Tomography, Process Fidelity Estimation, Direct Fidelity Estimation, and Cross-Entropy Benchmarking. We evaluate each method's complexities, the resources they require, and their effectiveness in addressing coherent, incoherent, and state preparation and measurement (SPAM) "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.09942","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2407.09942/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JY7CzVtJ7wL5z9HXxvlwvCAZ3flUOug/ohhC98xUAL/s1mGhC4u/b1gW9XDcUK/u0s4taLeBncWPGvmrf2t9Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T01:14:23.469134Z"},"content_sha256":"53b5e1464359edb7b32d2a27ada09d9902c068deb733e80b8746108482a534e7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:53b5e1464359edb7b32d2a27ada09d9902c068deb733e80b8746108482a534e7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T01:14:23Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2YL5BKK5HPQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"de9005fcbd5b769f22c5eadf709a7075591c1cea055d80dcef781178bb88190c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2024-07-13T16:36:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"307d874f8236569656c89495d73685f5de80e6458cc58476d9162becb02c6575"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.09942","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2407.09942","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2407.09942v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.09942","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LKSKPTCNNPSU","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LKSKPTCNNPSUOFA2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LKSKPTCN","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:53b5e1464359edb7b32d2a27ada09d9902c068deb733e80b8746108482a534e7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2407.09942/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Accurate noise characterization in quantum gates and circuits is vital for the development of reliable quantum simulations for chemically relevant systems and fault-tolerant quantum computing. This paper reviews a variety of key benchmarking techniques, including Randomized Benchmarking, Quantum Process Tomography, Gate Set Tomography, Process Fidelity Estimation, Direct Fidelity Estimation, and Cross-Entropy Benchmarking. We evaluate each method's complexities, the resources they require, and their effectiveness in addressing coherent, incoherent, and state preparation and measurement (SPAM) ","authors_text":"Daniel A. Lidar, Daria Kowsari, Eli M. Levenson-Falk, Haimeng Zhang, Kumar Saurav, Vinay Tripathi","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2024-07-13T16:36:02Z","title":"Benchmarking quantum gates and circuits"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2407.09942","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e58438d2a6842c61be007a839a8490cbe5dcbaa11b91684c017ef7e90bd3b711","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"de9005fcbd5b769f22c5eadf709a7075591c1cea055d80dcef781178bb88190c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2024-07-13T16:36:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"307d874f8236569656c89495d73685f5de80e6458cc58476d9162becb02c6575"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2407.09942","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"5aa4a7cc4d6be547141ac2fa152ba77c16b7e198eb73ba8a5ff14c8b46578f8d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5aa4a7cc4d6be547141ac2fa152ba77c16b7e198eb73ba8a5ff14c8b46578f8d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01.811008Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01.811008Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"hsgk+P6rxLLQWPIIAkWqwvFNHTU6j0MVpv26qruez8qpetYIQLbaZiGIuoWtfgAjNmpq+u4SQKmSqviu5lqFDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:31:01.811516Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2407.09942","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e58438d2a6842c61be007a839a8490cbe5dcbaa11b91684c017ef7e90bd3b711","sha256:53b5e1464359edb7b32d2a27ada09d9902c068deb733e80b8746108482a534e7"],"state_sha256":"1f24930616e9df92a334fd905a7d68dc1ab8188cf541547dd97ee427756fbe9b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"O622y3vk7pOPIzoWADspzTnCVV9b2Vko04rsXQca5kAk+CHSR35jusu91UENJHOD1m+hforZC06IO009qimuBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T01:14:23.476282Z","bundle_sha256":"6a0896d9429d6e033acda0801ca6988ce7a679bb2edbfb70587f9c7c8b3ee3fd"}}