{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR","short_pith_number":"pith:LKYIXCEK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.09077","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T02:42:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"9adb31039523da25490f94c350385dcba4ef0183eb337c5f7e762581d9081dc5","abstract_canon_sha256":"2496a16e9224d7aaf217c44cdbf7eabd31a42041ce5ddcad65eb92a5027bff3b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5ab08b888a3f714646bfcf7e4599207c4c58ed9ed905502c2eddcb73791b518d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1908.09077","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.09077","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.09077v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.09077","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LKYIXCEKH5YU","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LKYIXCEK","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1908.09077","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T02:42:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"9adb31039523da25490f94c350385dcba4ef0183eb337c5f7e762581d9081dc5","abstract_canon_sha256":"2496a16e9224d7aaf217c44cdbf7eabd31a42041ce5ddcad65eb92a5027bff3b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5ab08b888a3f714646bfcf7e4599207c4c58ed9ed905502c2eddcb73791b518d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40.249520Z","signature_b64":"3OlOi5eOrUkpSVe3vpDQnKRkO3l3tvr6V6WU/yZwq5PaC6UeSX3JjPanmDKSc8IuWmOCjEpQY6u9Fgv6wP3ICQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5ab08b888a3f714646bfcf7e4599207c4c58ed9ed905502c2eddcb73791b518d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40.249052Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40.249052Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1908.09077","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IDSBVT0PTSI8Vzd9phWUOTkhVmoM9WXQbD7nEEqhKzSVUqd6O1mTK1LdjKEg2UL14zrTH3WuFZZ/2LgfPKaBBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T07:38:48.448815Z"},"content_sha256":"53ad7d1a7ef97c171089611013827d3fbe1ca7e34d52fd0647fba1be09a3fa9b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:53ad7d1a7ef97c171089611013827d3fbe1ca7e34d52fd0647fba1be09a3fa9b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"2), (2) Stanford University Department of Statistics, (3) Stanford University Department of Epidemiology, Dylan Greaves (2), Michael Baiocchi (3) ((1) Stanford University Department of Biomedical Informatics, Population Health), Rachael C. Aikens (1","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T02:42:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"Observational studies often benefit from an abundance of observational units. This can lead to studies that -- while challenged by issues of internal validity -- have inferences derived from sample sizes substantially larger than randomized controlled trials. But is the information provided by an observational unit best used in the analysis phase? We propose the use of `pilot design,' in which observations are expended in the design phase of the study, and the post-treatment information from these observations is used to improve study design. In modern observational studies, which are data ric"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.09077","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1908.09077/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4Sh+TQ0+Sm3kGffnPcHnlklyv209DOUpc+s28Nj+ONK42O40A8i28QPmF8++F/alJyo79bum4+RNMItWTFwgDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T07:38:48.449807Z"},"content_sha256":"1fd7e99d8d31f14e7a91399e95d63f64e249fea427bec806981f54155ff1bde4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1fd7e99d8d31f14e7a91399e95d63f64e249fea427bec806981f54155ff1bde4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T07:38:48Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7Z57ELGJAPR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2496a16e9224d7aaf217c44cdbf7eabd31a42041ce5ddcad65eb92a5027bff3b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T02:42:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"9adb31039523da25490f94c350385dcba4ef0183eb337c5f7e762581d9081dc5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.09077","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1908.09077","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1908.09077v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1908.09077","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LKYIXCEKH5YU","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LKYIXCEKH5YUMRV7","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LKYIXCEK","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1fd7e99d8d31f14e7a91399e95d63f64e249fea427bec806981f54155ff1bde4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1908.09077/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Observational studies often benefit from an abundance of observational units. This can lead to studies that -- while challenged by issues of internal validity -- have inferences derived from sample sizes substantially larger than randomized controlled trials. But is the information provided by an observational unit best used in the analysis phase? We propose the use of `pilot design,' in which observations are expended in the design phase of the study, and the post-treatment information from these observations is used to improve study design. In modern observational studies, which are data ric","authors_text":"2), (2) Stanford University Department of Statistics, (3) Stanford University Department of Epidemiology, Dylan Greaves (2), Michael Baiocchi (3) ((1) Stanford University Department of Biomedical Informatics, Population Health), Rachael C. Aikens (1","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T02:42:18Z","title":"A Pilot Design for Observational Studies: Using Abundant Data Thoughtfully"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1908.09077","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:53ad7d1a7ef97c171089611013827d3fbe1ca7e34d52fd0647fba1be09a3fa9b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"2496a16e9224d7aaf217c44cdbf7eabd31a42041ce5ddcad65eb92a5027bff3b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T02:42:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"9adb31039523da25490f94c350385dcba4ef0183eb337c5f7e762581d9081dc5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1908.09077","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"5ab08b888a3f714646bfcf7e4599207c4c58ed9ed905502c2eddcb73791b518d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5ab08b888a3f714646bfcf7e4599207c4c58ed9ed905502c2eddcb73791b518d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40.249052Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40.249052Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"3OlOi5eOrUkpSVe3vpDQnKRkO3l3tvr6V6WU/yZwq5PaC6UeSX3JjPanmDKSc8IuWmOCjEpQY6u9Fgv6wP3ICQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:28:40.249520Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1908.09077","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:53ad7d1a7ef97c171089611013827d3fbe1ca7e34d52fd0647fba1be09a3fa9b","sha256:1fd7e99d8d31f14e7a91399e95d63f64e249fea427bec806981f54155ff1bde4"],"state_sha256":"b58fcf16715f80f29f95855ae9ab0738d9a0410c3db96f8423cf2b9648a011d3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rq8c5DuoccIVKkqOUJj2t0jrpiw04cH6LheLmDcMhHz8lHP5MV+i+rKC1syudnRCe6qBR9ogivN5vgd7dYnICw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T07:38:48.455293Z","bundle_sha256":"560aef0ab3ea5900220e3d64f8f6686d37c4b69a11a8a78f2bd9087349adf534"}}