{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP","short_pith_number":"pith:LL3MQ5RJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1507.08296","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T21:51:16Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.CB","q-bio.QM"],"title_canon_sha256":"123c6c3c7544077de503eb0e9a2763a69a6cf541b4040be27fc20a4cafea8826","abstract_canon_sha256":"b61095ead0f3100f3ee5e0026d570af364cdd915519bde4266252a1ff5f82654"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5af6c87629ce14ec0875530436012533f0ef95019f0ce55ddefd0ccc64a3a1a9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1507.08296","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1507.08296","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1507.08296v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1507.08296","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LL3MQ5RJZYKO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LL3MQ5RJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:29Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1507.08296","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T21:51:16Z","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.CB","q-bio.QM"],"title_canon_sha256":"123c6c3c7544077de503eb0e9a2763a69a6cf541b4040be27fc20a4cafea8826","abstract_canon_sha256":"b61095ead0f3100f3ee5e0026d570af364cdd915519bde4266252a1ff5f82654"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5af6c87629ce14ec0875530436012533f0ef95019f0ce55ddefd0ccc64a3a1a9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07.810616Z","signature_b64":"7PMWok4RyKwcb3BEuOrbBIT3gyVmBKk92CvH+xMCrgAoxzFz70LAhfDrkLB2xs8tBR+hQC/j6z0qDtTWc8Q+Bw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5af6c87629ce14ec0875530436012533f0ef95019f0ce55ddefd0ccc64a3a1a9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07.809954Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07.809954Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1507.08296","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kt2toOcnml65n8BOrpFg2E+SyG0LJZ5BLSCXV1lUsFoWP2A/9nQidy/CbfagvhifSf+j1ne+NeWCxxUSUK3YCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T11:50:23.954111Z"},"content_sha256":"7c5b6668bec5fbbff40cd552021bfc76d42f8072ba03e7579ebc1bb9bc6cfc93","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7c5b6668bec5fbbff40cd552021bfc76d42f8072ba03e7579ebc1bb9bc6cfc93"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Performance of Discrete Models of Low Reynolds Number Swimmers","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["q-bio.CB","q-bio.QM"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Hans G. Othmer, Qixuan Wang","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T21:51:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"Swimming by shape changes at low Reynolds number is widely used in biology and understanding how the efficiency of movement depends on the geometric pattern of shape changes is important to understand swimming of microorganisms and in designing low Reynolds number swimming models. The simplest models of shape changes are those that comprise a series of linked spheres that can change their separation and/or their size. Herein we compare the efficiency of three models in which these modes are used in different ways."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1507.08296","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BEm9Ag7m4iVYp5bbHxBI+mUJkqUCGEnl6q7Cvdb2QEtj8DRmYO8u6dlnYRJqkv7tiM/LEPP+srmtH/02fCbtCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T11:50:23.954630Z"},"content_sha256":"224752b72b42119c30ec9b9883b1c1aac0f618bd6e9c93e921aab89d9e00a72f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:224752b72b42119c30ec9b9883b1c1aac0f618bd6e9c93e921aab89d9e00a72f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T11:50:23Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDVKMCDMAJFGP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b61095ead0f3100f3ee5e0026d570af364cdd915519bde4266252a1ff5f82654","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.CB","q-bio.QM"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T21:51:16Z","title_canon_sha256":"123c6c3c7544077de503eb0e9a2763a69a6cf541b4040be27fc20a4cafea8826"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1507.08296","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1507.08296","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1507.08296v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1507.08296","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LL3MQ5RJZYKO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LL3MQ5RJZYKOYCDV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LL3MQ5RJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:29Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:224752b72b42119c30ec9b9883b1c1aac0f618bd6e9c93e921aab89d9e00a72f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Swimming by shape changes at low Reynolds number is widely used in biology and understanding how the efficiency of movement depends on the geometric pattern of shape changes is important to understand swimming of microorganisms and in designing low Reynolds number swimming models. The simplest models of shape changes are those that comprise a series of linked spheres that can change their separation and/or their size. Herein we compare the efficiency of three models in which these modes are used in different ways.","authors_text":"Hans G. Othmer, Qixuan Wang","cross_cats":["q-bio.CB","q-bio.QM"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T21:51:16Z","title":"The Performance of Discrete Models of Low Reynolds Number Swimmers"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1507.08296","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7c5b6668bec5fbbff40cd552021bfc76d42f8072ba03e7579ebc1bb9bc6cfc93","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b61095ead0f3100f3ee5e0026d570af364cdd915519bde4266252a1ff5f82654","cross_cats_sorted":["q-bio.CB","q-bio.QM"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T21:51:16Z","title_canon_sha256":"123c6c3c7544077de503eb0e9a2763a69a6cf541b4040be27fc20a4cafea8826"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1507.08296","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"5af6c87629ce14ec0875530436012533f0ef95019f0ce55ddefd0ccc64a3a1a9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5af6c87629ce14ec0875530436012533f0ef95019f0ce55ddefd0ccc64a3a1a9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07.809954Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07.809954Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"7PMWok4RyKwcb3BEuOrbBIT3gyVmBKk92CvH+xMCrgAoxzFz70LAhfDrkLB2xs8tBR+hQC/j6z0qDtTWc8Q+Bw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:36:07.810616Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1507.08296","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7c5b6668bec5fbbff40cd552021bfc76d42f8072ba03e7579ebc1bb9bc6cfc93","sha256:224752b72b42119c30ec9b9883b1c1aac0f618bd6e9c93e921aab89d9e00a72f"],"state_sha256":"9fa4c11cd9eacd699a734aa5c7e224aab6dd8dbc23c3642514e8377b149e892d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aC5w+ysWmcrmIaHpw6byLGo1NMjrN6ix7aICzYuG9QZ/+ltuNAbmEc5P9Gd8su9TJsCDQgijthSjd5rNUaDoAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T11:50:23.957706Z","bundle_sha256":"79af67409c01c5ebe09b809997fda640961966109e415ffee5c10d2f4dee1ef7"}}