{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF","short_pith_number":"pith:LMF3J5W3","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1405.6451","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2014-05-26T02:32:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"482cbb5a92026481aa685dba2a79b840816716de154c248cd48785ed6de0974c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e0d4207de23b6306b8ceb7882cd3a9779ea0c33a9d4ca7c37b119f1281e9721a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5b0bb4f6db3648412c40df6fd3ef7a494914bc534fd52a3f38e580556b8ffbae","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1405.6451","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1405.6451","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1405.6451v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1405.6451","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LMF3J5W3GZEE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LMF3J5W3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:38Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1405.6451","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2014-05-26T02:32:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"482cbb5a92026481aa685dba2a79b840816716de154c248cd48785ed6de0974c","abstract_canon_sha256":"e0d4207de23b6306b8ceb7882cd3a9779ea0c33a9d4ca7c37b119f1281e9721a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5b0bb4f6db3648412c40df6fd3ef7a494914bc534fd52a3f38e580556b8ffbae","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18.944279Z","signature_b64":"NlYOzfS/20KriX19ct5obCFHgtxXhr3IsjQUhnbSOuXkz+vXQgbM/uL+CJZ1Ih6ECgkQFEK60/n6WjUz8dmJBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5b0bb4f6db3648412c40df6fd3ef7a494914bc534fd52a3f38e580556b8ffbae","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18.943935Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18.943935Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1405.6451","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"KeZ/reMT1zRNVXj72P1BoNz6lsRY8ZBom8qfR6+Dr2pUpePa9wW2CD4HLBuTEP17MmquCSVc8cDSNQC8HF5VCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T12:20:44.943857Z"},"content_sha256":"8664da9e0f88f1eb12f0a563d00b5e32fb13993ec81cc47aa4dbc6b5aeb9b8f1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8664da9e0f88f1eb12f0a563d00b5e32fb13993ec81cc47aa4dbc6b5aeb9b8f1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Modified Lyth bound and implications of BICEP2 results","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Qing Gao, Tianjun Li, Yungui Gong","submitted_at":"2014-05-26T02:32:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"To reconcile the BICEP2 measurement on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with Planck constraint, a large negative running of scalar spectral index $n_s$ is needed. So the inflationary observable such as $n_s$ should be expanded at least to the second-order slow-roll parameters for single-field inflationary models. The large value of $r$ and the Lyth bound indicate that it is impossible to obtain the sub-Planckian excursion for the inflaton. However, we derive an absolutely minimal bound $\\Delta\\phi/M_{\\rm Pl}>\\sqrt{r/2}$ on the inflaton excursion for single-field inflationary models, which can be"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1405.6451","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JN5Fz46f5lXYZbhZNvNVoSWC6sQHpaZ+61AVz3x8JY6XlCYE634deSwCv2jyxFGcgOZZseQ5PG7umXXDlxZLBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T12:20:44.944593Z"},"content_sha256":"90931bbda00e47a2a6241d8b700b4124f4b0e8bc69a504e7a32eb4b18d587628","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:90931bbda00e47a2a6241d8b700b4124f4b0e8bc69a504e7a32eb4b18d587628"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T12:20:44Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA35X5H332JF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e0d4207de23b6306b8ceb7882cd3a9779ea0c33a9d4ca7c37b119f1281e9721a","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2014-05-26T02:32:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"482cbb5a92026481aa685dba2a79b840816716de154c248cd48785ed6de0974c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1405.6451","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1405.6451","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1405.6451v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1405.6451","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LMF3J5W3GZEE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LMF3J5W3GZEECLCA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:38Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LMF3J5W3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:38Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:90931bbda00e47a2a6241d8b700b4124f4b0e8bc69a504e7a32eb4b18d587628","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"To reconcile the BICEP2 measurement on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ with Planck constraint, a large negative running of scalar spectral index $n_s$ is needed. So the inflationary observable such as $n_s$ should be expanded at least to the second-order slow-roll parameters for single-field inflationary models. The large value of $r$ and the Lyth bound indicate that it is impossible to obtain the sub-Planckian excursion for the inflaton. However, we derive an absolutely minimal bound $\\Delta\\phi/M_{\\rm Pl}>\\sqrt{r/2}$ on the inflaton excursion for single-field inflationary models, which can be","authors_text":"Qing Gao, Tianjun Li, Yungui Gong","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2014-05-26T02:32:56Z","title":"Modified Lyth bound and implications of BICEP2 results"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1405.6451","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:8664da9e0f88f1eb12f0a563d00b5e32fb13993ec81cc47aa4dbc6b5aeb9b8f1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e0d4207de23b6306b8ceb7882cd3a9779ea0c33a9d4ca7c37b119f1281e9721a","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2014-05-26T02:32:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"482cbb5a92026481aa685dba2a79b840816716de154c248cd48785ed6de0974c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1405.6451","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"5b0bb4f6db3648412c40df6fd3ef7a494914bc534fd52a3f38e580556b8ffbae","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5b0bb4f6db3648412c40df6fd3ef7a494914bc534fd52a3f38e580556b8ffbae","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18.943935Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18.943935Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"NlYOzfS/20KriX19ct5obCFHgtxXhr3IsjQUhnbSOuXkz+vXQgbM/uL+CJZ1Ih6ECgkQFEK60/n6WjUz8dmJBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:25:18.944279Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1405.6451","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:8664da9e0f88f1eb12f0a563d00b5e32fb13993ec81cc47aa4dbc6b5aeb9b8f1","sha256:90931bbda00e47a2a6241d8b700b4124f4b0e8bc69a504e7a32eb4b18d587628"],"state_sha256":"2362607297d984bfbf0d86048158191a0edeaca19d70626547bf42f42a4fc263"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bSFyiH9iRo7kN0CxqVvFudEBzc/yv1HlYkMI9vC7SgVqtXezI2M2dvRKQaRNOhU+tFhEZN2bm8Z23iLkF9zCDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T12:20:44.948082Z","bundle_sha256":"21bea63ba400df74a229b8e086eb21f2fa3d0addab63c022d6dc71953d462ada"}}