{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:LN35RE2FF25AZSSO252WZS7A4T","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c19aa3731e08ac52571057704095522bacc94df751204a60cebff769994cfa85","cross_cats_sorted":["nlin.AO","nlin.CD"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-01T13:58:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"102c1a6b72350c96ca6e1b8bd9cc0c0371c29cdfb94ba860bb30eccf8c9b2746"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1103.0169","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1103.0169","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1103.0169v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1103.0169","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LN35RE2FF25A","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LN35RE2FF25AZSSO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LN35RE2F","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:66fa2eb5e2bd18895f6020a34ff86c89a277ee729cf9b70ac629e39d80444c42","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Tipping points associated with bifurcations (B-tipping) or induced by noise (N-tipping) are recognized mechanisms that may potentially lead to sudden climate change. We focus here a novel class of tipping points, where a sufficiently rapid change to an input or parameter of a system may cause the system to \"tip\" or move away from a branch of attractors. Such rate-dependent tipping, or R-tipping, need not be associated with either bifurcations or noise. We present an example of all three types of tipping in a simple global energy balance model of the climate system, illustrating the possibility","authors_text":"Peter Ashwin, Peter Cox, Renato Vitolo, Sebastian Wieczorek","cross_cats":["nlin.AO","nlin.CD"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-01T13:58:52Z","title":"Tipping points in open systems: bifurcation, noise-induced and rate-dependent examples in the climate system"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1103.0169","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:221f83db9ab01b85138a18ecd4f1cccb0b08a143a84785232058fea0a6ba27f1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c19aa3731e08ac52571057704095522bacc94df751204a60cebff769994cfa85","cross_cats_sorted":["nlin.AO","nlin.CD"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"math.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-01T13:58:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"102c1a6b72350c96ca6e1b8bd9cc0c0371c29cdfb94ba860bb30eccf8c9b2746"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1103.0169","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"5b77d893452eba0cca4ed7756ccbe0e4e9dc32b7463efc072afb758af258984f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5b77d893452eba0cca4ed7756ccbe0e4e9dc32b7463efc072afb758af258984f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50.319677Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50.319677Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JUAHjCv8tOypKSqr982HfVpSLCejPhYgUb6GplOfgt+cfiu5KViPhejHpZGpHjm/+FEU3yGDUr4i40crKyhzAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:50.320449Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1103.0169","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:221f83db9ab01b85138a18ecd4f1cccb0b08a143a84785232058fea0a6ba27f1","sha256:66fa2eb5e2bd18895f6020a34ff86c89a277ee729cf9b70ac629e39d80444c42"],"state_sha256":"7a86efb9facbd84e27083ee716fa99a029548c8478aadd048483a9e5cae90da7"}