{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD","short_pith_number":"pith:LR7WQGRX","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.06639","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T23:29:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"11e69901ebe2163e0b6eefa08d89bf45f8fd70c0398673c35c597ba2a475f034","abstract_canon_sha256":"98272c5fb69556a456e5890e33ba52709bde60cd79568545ff5bcbe4789d99a2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5c7f681a373597ba13431111c0018148d830d0467dab7dffd4678e7d758b7618","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.06639","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.06639","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.06639v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.06639","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LR7WQGRXGWL3","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2D","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LR7WQGRX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.06639","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T23:29:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"11e69901ebe2163e0b6eefa08d89bf45f8fd70c0398673c35c597ba2a475f034","abstract_canon_sha256":"98272c5fb69556a456e5890e33ba52709bde60cd79568545ff5bcbe4789d99a2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"5c7f681a373597ba13431111c0018148d830d0467dab7dffd4678e7d758b7618","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16.890004Z","signature_b64":"z5wjSWNKV1Za/LqBizlDNDi3S1rP+CBEl3R7+dNn4C6t9c1cHevMTPfaUUHB58x9sPlNL2mFQuKGOjnyr6NWAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"5c7f681a373597ba13431111c0018148d830d0467dab7dffd4678e7d758b7618","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16.889609Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16.889609Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2106.06639","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DWEzgdqGtVgZeFxLIO1pW3LlwA/Ee7XD3h4G6GjSnE4emtxW7QSUWnC8IGZsMtKVbgqvFCfMvUBetRE38/kyCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:48:59.703815Z"},"content_sha256":"c1970cf1ebbd5b8df3c7da4e81a0779c64f38b30f5848aa277a28be6681add8e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c1970cf1ebbd5b8df3c7da4e81a0779c64f38b30f5848aa277a28be6681add8e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Federated Learning with Buffered Asynchronous Aggregation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Ashkan Yousefpour, Dzmitry Huba, Hongyuan Zhan, John Nguyen, Kshitiz Malik, Mani Malek, Michael Rabbat","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T23:29:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"Scalability and privacy are two critical concerns for cross-device federated learning (FL) systems. In this work, we identify that synchronous FL - synchronized aggregation of client updates in FL - cannot scale efficiently beyond a few hundred clients training in parallel. It leads to diminishing returns in model performance and training speed, analogous to large-batch training. On the other hand, asynchronous aggregation of client updates in FL (i.e., asynchronous FL) alleviates the scalability issue. However, aggregating individual client updates is incompatible with Secure Aggregation, whi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.06639","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.06639/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mncAt1/yGcn4yri+LXylJsyD1Ko+xf9x3HLxE+cMyhJhuZmFdImwR8muC3WyerR4rMeKwGZs1Iawjz2Gg8WsBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:48:59.704717Z"},"content_sha256":"b227de74a6046da1f9c3bd67b04502f9d12d0bf16655658c0b03728e65b3a9a6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b227de74a6046da1f9c3bd67b04502f9d12d0bf16655658c0b03728e65b3a9a6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T03:48:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2DCEI4AAMBJD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"98272c5fb69556a456e5890e33ba52709bde60cd79568545ff5bcbe4789d99a2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T23:29:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"11e69901ebe2163e0b6eefa08d89bf45f8fd70c0398673c35c597ba2a475f034"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.06639","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.06639","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.06639v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.06639","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"LR7WQGRXGWL3","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"LR7WQGRXGWL3UE2D","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"LR7WQGRX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b227de74a6046da1f9c3bd67b04502f9d12d0bf16655658c0b03728e65b3a9a6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2106.06639/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Scalability and privacy are two critical concerns for cross-device federated learning (FL) systems. In this work, we identify that synchronous FL - synchronized aggregation of client updates in FL - cannot scale efficiently beyond a few hundred clients training in parallel. It leads to diminishing returns in model performance and training speed, analogous to large-batch training. On the other hand, asynchronous aggregation of client updates in FL (i.e., asynchronous FL) alleviates the scalability issue. However, aggregating individual client updates is incompatible with Secure Aggregation, whi","authors_text":"Ashkan Yousefpour, Dzmitry Huba, Hongyuan Zhan, John Nguyen, Kshitiz Malik, Mani Malek, Michael Rabbat","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T23:29:48Z","title":"Federated Learning with Buffered Asynchronous Aggregation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.06639","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c1970cf1ebbd5b8df3c7da4e81a0779c64f38b30f5848aa277a28be6681add8e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"98272c5fb69556a456e5890e33ba52709bde60cd79568545ff5bcbe4789d99a2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-06-11T23:29:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"11e69901ebe2163e0b6eefa08d89bf45f8fd70c0398673c35c597ba2a475f034"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.06639","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"5c7f681a373597ba13431111c0018148d830d0467dab7dffd4678e7d758b7618","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"5c7f681a373597ba13431111c0018148d830d0467dab7dffd4678e7d758b7618","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16.889609Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16.889609Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"z5wjSWNKV1Za/LqBizlDNDi3S1rP+CBEl3R7+dNn4C6t9c1cHevMTPfaUUHB58x9sPlNL2mFQuKGOjnyr6NWAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:02:16.890004Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2106.06639","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c1970cf1ebbd5b8df3c7da4e81a0779c64f38b30f5848aa277a28be6681add8e","sha256:b227de74a6046da1f9c3bd67b04502f9d12d0bf16655658c0b03728e65b3a9a6"],"state_sha256":"81fff80c58ba001625783bf70039c9de3bceed4b6447f09d8e2f6671f0bd6942"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"GuzyCEaqlwvpufdRk457mXDdXFBVMXd0ZOvU1yjfoJVrsUoMnQwkcAhhHrMyxYwxaH0+BhaCU6LYUWSmms1+DA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:48:59.711121Z","bundle_sha256":"a59e09ff24db5b01deae6328ea9544c0d298b77ef34742b0c7d0d9ba4aac838b"}}