{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD","short_pith_number":"pith:M46RS5VZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.13925","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T12:08:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c6202095d6391d5cb9e966fc175e108c25b85f014a60ada1ba218eff9e092263","abstract_canon_sha256":"aa36495b8ee0e667885a11cb32650aa8fdb23516baa92bee2ae618e9c06f2a16"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"673d1976b9390bbf0af02c1a58737128dcf65f7fb1a6d33652ccef5e220ead86","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2205.13925","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.13925","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.13925v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.13925","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"M46RS5VZHEF3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"M46RS5VZHEF36CXQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"M46RS5VZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.13925","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T12:08:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c6202095d6391d5cb9e966fc175e108c25b85f014a60ada1ba218eff9e092263","abstract_canon_sha256":"aa36495b8ee0e667885a11cb32650aa8fdb23516baa92bee2ae618e9c06f2a16"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"673d1976b9390bbf0af02c1a58737128dcf65f7fb1a6d33652ccef5e220ead86","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18.748340Z","signature_b64":"mWrLXdQnvb3LFwR58+uic6FHcR4csDnbhDoWONaxlQ35KOYDyuN/a4at7s+7MofJNxbc2PDqXeqvounP/rVCDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"673d1976b9390bbf0af02c1a58737128dcf65f7fb1a6d33652ccef5e220ead86","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18.747787Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18.747787Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2205.13925","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Z22krxqODOkkmFznQ4kjI5R1vUFH/kJDJ9yQkxbuLA2eNLOHtxRIyVZpozep34shz2g0nsnOIge1+hKQ9yiUCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T17:18:38.171326Z"},"content_sha256":"cab13d0e90e9037d29338df9430f4f419ae4c36d3677254bb3ef1cfcf1130fcc","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:cab13d0e90e9037d29338df9430f4f419ae4c36d3677254bb3ef1cfcf1130fcc"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"DELTA: Diverse Client Sampling for Fasting Federated Learning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Lin Wang, Tao Lin, Xiaoying Tang, Yongxin Guo","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T12:08:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"Partial client participation has been widely adopted in Federated Learning (FL) to reduce the communication burden efficiently. However, an inadequate client sampling scheme can lead to the selection of unrepresentative subsets, resulting in significant variance in model updates and slowed convergence. Existing sampling methods are either biased or can be further optimized for faster convergence.In this paper, we present DELTA, an unbiased sampling scheme designed to alleviate these issues. DELTA characterizes the effects of client diversity and local variance, and samples representative clien"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.13925","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2205.13925/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dYnbSCmjWaf/n/sBbqzyS4LtEf2vjvR13K2MUybRprQgoIjrNS8vTxy1DDtanVht+QUwwPpyW4duIMbc57cEAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T17:18:38.171821Z"},"content_sha256":"f2db3e8c27054c30b27b4b259b3101d2a33d75ef09548fe8ab2e6377828c1f84","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f2db3e8c27054c30b27b4b259b3101d2a33d75ef09548fe8ab2e6377828c1f84"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T17:18:38Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:M46RS5VZHEF36CXQFQNFQ43RFD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"aa36495b8ee0e667885a11cb32650aa8fdb23516baa92bee2ae618e9c06f2a16","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T12:08:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"c6202095d6391d5cb9e966fc175e108c25b85f014a60ada1ba218eff9e092263"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.13925","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.13925","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.13925v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.13925","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"M46RS5VZHEF3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"M46RS5VZHEF36CXQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"M46RS5VZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f2db3e8c27054c30b27b4b259b3101d2a33d75ef09548fe8ab2e6377828c1f84","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2205.13925/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Partial client participation has been widely adopted in Federated Learning (FL) to reduce the communication burden efficiently. However, an inadequate client sampling scheme can lead to the selection of unrepresentative subsets, resulting in significant variance in model updates and slowed convergence. Existing sampling methods are either biased or can be further optimized for faster convergence.In this paper, we present DELTA, an unbiased sampling scheme designed to alleviate these issues. DELTA characterizes the effects of client diversity and local variance, and samples representative clien","authors_text":"Lin Wang, Tao Lin, Xiaoying Tang, Yongxin Guo","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T12:08:23Z","title":"DELTA: Diverse Client Sampling for Fasting Federated Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.13925","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:cab13d0e90e9037d29338df9430f4f419ae4c36d3677254bb3ef1cfcf1130fcc","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"aa36495b8ee0e667885a11cb32650aa8fdb23516baa92bee2ae618e9c06f2a16","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2022-05-27T12:08:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"c6202095d6391d5cb9e966fc175e108c25b85f014a60ada1ba218eff9e092263"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.13925","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"673d1976b9390bbf0af02c1a58737128dcf65f7fb1a6d33652ccef5e220ead86","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"673d1976b9390bbf0af02c1a58737128dcf65f7fb1a6d33652ccef5e220ead86","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18.747787Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18.747787Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"mWrLXdQnvb3LFwR58+uic6FHcR4csDnbhDoWONaxlQ35KOYDyuN/a4at7s+7MofJNxbc2PDqXeqvounP/rVCDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:06:18.748340Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2205.13925","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:cab13d0e90e9037d29338df9430f4f419ae4c36d3677254bb3ef1cfcf1130fcc","sha256:f2db3e8c27054c30b27b4b259b3101d2a33d75ef09548fe8ab2e6377828c1f84"],"state_sha256":"9d571146e4a4d9aeb2ac0d57e44b149f8e0a95f229a20eba0eef38eaebcb6036"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OI+rXyaXTeWlQFgJY5N+24QNDJz3dZyHwL+GmsoftFWiOXiMtTc0WCUOIyLrDUSRyzeNkJoD9QbQZz2/3a6HDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T17:18:38.176587Z","bundle_sha256":"1c9468030ac0c8a5d5b6c6340b906017bc9806e436324fcc9a3d77cc52281d07"}}