{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC","short_pith_number":"pith:MAEMFJBT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1809.04224","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-09-12T02:00:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"62c53b739ac21c8e8080cb52eb7554c3f43f0bdde566636ceb53088227b205f5","abstract_canon_sha256":"a7196eb1d3f0a84f15865ddb85722eeb6b104d69bb0595b1b5a75f3795e9247c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6008c2a433ed6a8dffe1ca6f144181009d267a37d6ec746155bf9b41ecac5f54","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1809.04224","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1809.04224","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1809.04224v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1809.04224","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MAEMFJBT5VVI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MAEMFJBT5VVI377B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MAEMFJBT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1809.04224","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-09-12T02:00:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"62c53b739ac21c8e8080cb52eb7554c3f43f0bdde566636ceb53088227b205f5","abstract_canon_sha256":"a7196eb1d3f0a84f15865ddb85722eeb6b104d69bb0595b1b5a75f3795e9247c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6008c2a433ed6a8dffe1ca6f144181009d267a37d6ec746155bf9b41ecac5f54","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55.120646Z","signature_b64":"kcm0bQ0UG0ln174ZO1pny2FMYCDJkUdSKdQXEr5k0xNKLf1P8wagVhO4Xfj6iemxENBxexieunhtNQ1yxkVXCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6008c2a433ed6a8dffe1ca6f144181009d267a37d6ec746155bf9b41ecac5f54","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55.120043Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55.120043Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1809.04224","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"V6kM4GuopCjnww2IGuEzKlfC2/6+K+e5GdpnuhG48qNx/X/89j/kDHLzy5fj46dd91/1Xx9jgI8sOZ47IMkjBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-20T14:09:41.149284Z"},"content_sha256":"ff398173999de02d54d833b1fd1d2c57202acd78fd0b391b347020b3f11209bb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ff398173999de02d54d833b1fd1d2c57202acd78fd0b391b347020b3f11209bb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Access to Population-Level Signaling as a Source of Inequality","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.GT","authors_text":"Juba Ziani, Katrina Ligett, Nicole Immorlica","submitted_at":"2018-09-12T02:00:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"We identify and explore differential access to population-level signaling (also known as information design) as a source of unequal access to opportunity. A population-level signaler has potentially noisy observations of a binary type for each member of a population and, based on this, produces a signal about each member. A decision-maker infers types from signals and accepts those individuals whose type is high in expectation. We assume the signaler of the disadvantaged population reveals her observations to the decision-maker, whereas the signaler of the advantaged population forms signals s"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1809.04224","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VH4Q6OozRiD6ceZVsPNloIf5ZLoqrdJHRAONKh2HW0ANI94AUIAtjCOQQOVY2MAubDTpt3nQxvwx3IXnoNwuCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-20T14:09:41.149650Z"},"content_sha256":"7615481b2d35d2b445a25b988ed50b3101a23cae0d1f887cb2f997fb8717959a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7615481b2d35d2b445a25b988ed50b3101a23cae0d1f887cb2f997fb8717959a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-20T14:09:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:MAEMFJBT5VVI377BZJXRIQMBAC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a7196eb1d3f0a84f15865ddb85722eeb6b104d69bb0595b1b5a75f3795e9247c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-09-12T02:00:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"62c53b739ac21c8e8080cb52eb7554c3f43f0bdde566636ceb53088227b205f5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1809.04224","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1809.04224","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1809.04224v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1809.04224","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MAEMFJBT5VVI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MAEMFJBT5VVI377B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MAEMFJBT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7615481b2d35d2b445a25b988ed50b3101a23cae0d1f887cb2f997fb8717959a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We identify and explore differential access to population-level signaling (also known as information design) as a source of unequal access to opportunity. A population-level signaler has potentially noisy observations of a binary type for each member of a population and, based on this, produces a signal about each member. A decision-maker infers types from signals and accepts those individuals whose type is high in expectation. We assume the signaler of the disadvantaged population reveals her observations to the decision-maker, whereas the signaler of the advantaged population forms signals s","authors_text":"Juba Ziani, Katrina Ligett, Nicole Immorlica","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-09-12T02:00:34Z","title":"Access to Population-Level Signaling as a Source of Inequality"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1809.04224","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ff398173999de02d54d833b1fd1d2c57202acd78fd0b391b347020b3f11209bb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a7196eb1d3f0a84f15865ddb85722eeb6b104d69bb0595b1b5a75f3795e9247c","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.GT","submitted_at":"2018-09-12T02:00:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"62c53b739ac21c8e8080cb52eb7554c3f43f0bdde566636ceb53088227b205f5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1809.04224","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"6008c2a433ed6a8dffe1ca6f144181009d267a37d6ec746155bf9b41ecac5f54","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6008c2a433ed6a8dffe1ca6f144181009d267a37d6ec746155bf9b41ecac5f54","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55.120043Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55.120043Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"kcm0bQ0UG0ln174ZO1pny2FMYCDJkUdSKdQXEr5k0xNKLf1P8wagVhO4Xfj6iemxENBxexieunhtNQ1yxkVXCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:05:55.120646Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1809.04224","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ff398173999de02d54d833b1fd1d2c57202acd78fd0b391b347020b3f11209bb","sha256:7615481b2d35d2b445a25b988ed50b3101a23cae0d1f887cb2f997fb8717959a"],"state_sha256":"5fd7402de17200ee2ff06cb9c37e99738ccfced4fd3b1c08b8aac83a46301cf1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fUtvBETbibrxP5x49b/uSwXve1Uka2CWYBeJMV7Cf3r3fYgB/htepcF51n1UnN5rxJRj9YEXzr6cqFovGKkUAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-20T14:09:41.151935Z","bundle_sha256":"55c61210a9f92e75465e0c3aebee145a3c42ba7500e9438ce0ea93ab60983b1b"}}