{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC","short_pith_number":"pith:MFDD7EWP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1111.5251","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.OS","submitted_at":"2011-11-22T17:00:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"title_canon_sha256":"90a4906f682955fb3e61359e3280870ce57020474e3dc58b65461557a382978a","abstract_canon_sha256":"0c45f152507fec21e8f9ec0d4c2d3c4838403eaef617b99bb146d1a772225463"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"61463f92cfed3a9e4cb089f102d16ba88567e59d3796858c41aacac1d6caf09c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1111.5251","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1111.5251","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1111.5251v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1111.5251","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MFDD7EWP5U5J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MFDD7EWP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1111.5251","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.OS","submitted_at":"2011-11-22T17:00:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"title_canon_sha256":"90a4906f682955fb3e61359e3280870ce57020474e3dc58b65461557a382978a","abstract_canon_sha256":"0c45f152507fec21e8f9ec0d4c2d3c4838403eaef617b99bb146d1a772225463"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"61463f92cfed3a9e4cb089f102d16ba88567e59d3796858c41aacac1d6caf09c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26.772537Z","signature_b64":"8UMx6oIs5rW32UHAwtbop+k3ok11Dw1a2pXWt/WhmZwj5z8vkLaNkeGGpzSHQBXMFTZp95LzCOrgOLWnv9bhDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"61463f92cfed3a9e4cb089f102d16ba88567e59d3796858c41aacac1d6caf09c","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26.771972Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26.771972Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1111.5251","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+q9xuFLw7W2Q2fEnRvYIAtlZ3XqK6t4oYO9Qt1yChQF0jRt9Mw1su2TXxbnCzKul5JU9q+umirBwE0MZRcisCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-30T07:00:17.844345Z"},"content_sha256":"2ce759ecad3c57fb5980d7db2a7f00c534522ef45df8581270cd1008e8869f96","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2ce759ecad3c57fb5980d7db2a7f00c534522ef45df8581270cd1008e8869f96"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Evolution of a Modular Software Network","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SE"],"primary_cat":"cs.OS","authors_text":"Juan A. Bonachela, Miguel A. Fortuna, Simon A. Levin","submitted_at":"2011-11-22T17:00:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"\"Evolution behaves like a tinkerer\" (Francois Jacob, Science, 1977). Software systems provide a unique opportunity to understand biological processes using concepts from network theory. The Debian GNU/Linux operating system allows us to explore the evolution of a complex network in a novel way. The modular design detected during its growth is based on the reuse of existing code in order to minimize costs during programming. The increase of modularity experienced by the system over time has not counterbalanced the increase in incompatibilities between software packages within modules. This nega"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1111.5251","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cBcbuItyRIp8u2ruA13XCYmqQ5lrXI07ISaEnNYpZ1OaugHWWB0bUgEfq5o4hEBz1kuTTHFegPd1rxszuLrsDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-30T07:00:17.844691Z"},"content_sha256":"724cd7c5d0285790408ec33e48d37f835896aeea8ba6db44025286f4ba4ed845","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:724cd7c5d0285790408ec33e48d37f835896aeea8ba6db44025286f4ba4ed845"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-30T07:00:17Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQRHYQFULLVC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0c45f152507fec21e8f9ec0d4c2d3c4838403eaef617b99bb146d1a772225463","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.OS","submitted_at":"2011-11-22T17:00:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"90a4906f682955fb3e61359e3280870ce57020474e3dc58b65461557a382978a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1111.5251","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1111.5251","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1111.5251v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1111.5251","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MFDD7EWP5U5J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MFDD7EWP5U5J4TFQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MFDD7EWP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:724cd7c5d0285790408ec33e48d37f835896aeea8ba6db44025286f4ba4ed845","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"\"Evolution behaves like a tinkerer\" (Francois Jacob, Science, 1977). Software systems provide a unique opportunity to understand biological processes using concepts from network theory. The Debian GNU/Linux operating system allows us to explore the evolution of a complex network in a novel way. The modular design detected during its growth is based on the reuse of existing code in order to minimize costs during programming. The increase of modularity experienced by the system over time has not counterbalanced the increase in incompatibilities between software packages within modules. This nega","authors_text":"Juan A. Bonachela, Miguel A. Fortuna, Simon A. Levin","cross_cats":["cs.SE"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.OS","submitted_at":"2011-11-22T17:00:50Z","title":"Evolution of a Modular Software Network"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1111.5251","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2ce759ecad3c57fb5980d7db2a7f00c534522ef45df8581270cd1008e8869f96","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0c45f152507fec21e8f9ec0d4c2d3c4838403eaef617b99bb146d1a772225463","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SE"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.OS","submitted_at":"2011-11-22T17:00:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"90a4906f682955fb3e61359e3280870ce57020474e3dc58b65461557a382978a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1111.5251","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"61463f92cfed3a9e4cb089f102d16ba88567e59d3796858c41aacac1d6caf09c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"61463f92cfed3a9e4cb089f102d16ba88567e59d3796858c41aacac1d6caf09c","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26.771972Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26.771972Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"8UMx6oIs5rW32UHAwtbop+k3ok11Dw1a2pXWt/WhmZwj5z8vkLaNkeGGpzSHQBXMFTZp95LzCOrgOLWnv9bhDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:59:26.772537Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1111.5251","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2ce759ecad3c57fb5980d7db2a7f00c534522ef45df8581270cd1008e8869f96","sha256:724cd7c5d0285790408ec33e48d37f835896aeea8ba6db44025286f4ba4ed845"],"state_sha256":"b6af34361f98d500494045dd01831905af2893c5753fb0a4a8828b66a8a8c27d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wU78fxeWNcNuHwp8WcBluPsuNkdcMJo9lNVfSTTkhyY9IIa5OQoPf4flzxCPT5+pujegTEne1qoezRaWE7QlAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-30T07:00:17.846534Z","bundle_sha256":"abb25d2cb08a05f8279d640d20ad0a1a6b7877c7c0f6c5b380ae73438008287a"}}