{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5","short_pith_number":"pith:MH2R5MZJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1504.00676","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-04-02T20:00:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"a4c8e9432cbc5ef8ada9953a030581ae81a7f462024d12fc8b64782fdd23141e","abstract_canon_sha256":"97522e079117965f865f3cc2073b957cca92241aa514d292de7eb513cc6ade3c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"61f51eb329940195758aaf4562f2831776f384a6ce1c0b99b9ac92c88efd8952","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1504.00676","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1504.00676","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1504.00676v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1504.00676","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MH2R5MZJSQAZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MH2R5MZJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1504.00676","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-04-02T20:00:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"a4c8e9432cbc5ef8ada9953a030581ae81a7f462024d12fc8b64782fdd23141e","abstract_canon_sha256":"97522e079117965f865f3cc2073b957cca92241aa514d292de7eb513cc6ade3c"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"61f51eb329940195758aaf4562f2831776f384a6ce1c0b99b9ac92c88efd8952","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18.678270Z","signature_b64":"MgtiPircSQZCLLX+K5Im04azaZnPb/8htYn75HS+Pch6/ALz9xEFWYHbeCg2n5DpsRst18ctAbf4sEecGn33Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"61f51eb329940195758aaf4562f2831776f384a6ce1c0b99b9ac92c88efd8952","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18.677480Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18.677480Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1504.00676","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"sOXN0X7ErelHwBBLJK6/67OXNZY8uE+jN9bU3RVe2tYbis3TXzlLr3MnXiYQ97GWPgU3PWAWk0Zda2DC+LoNBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T11:36:55.458254Z"},"content_sha256":"94e37db9a5ec1d5a3fa22f3951767574ef69a3039efe2bbcfd763bb1be722a5d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:94e37db9a5ec1d5a3fa22f3951767574ef69a3039efe2bbcfd763bb1be722a5d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Direct collapse black hole formation via high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Eli Visbal, Kazumi Kashiyama, Kohei Inayoshi","submitted_at":"2015-04-02T20:00:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"We propose high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies as a new pathway to form supermassive stars (SMSs) with masses of ~ 10^5 Msun at high redshift (z > 10). When protogalaxies hosted by dark matter halos with a virial temperature of ~ 10^4 K collide with a relative velocity > 200 km/s, the gas is shock-heated to ~ 10^6 K and subsequently cools isobarically via free-free emission and He^+, He, and H line emission. Since the gas density (> 10^4 cm^{-3}) is high enough to destroy H_2 molecules by collisional dissociation, the shocked gas never cools below ~ 10^4 K. Once a gas cloud of ~ 10^5 Msu"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1504.00676","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YXnwc4bRTz5xhz+soPXWz9/eS7qaUTuWZ7lZBY15uOCHgZba9SuBCg/6BcpOW7kKLnrZsDfniNVWpFB6vHq4BA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T11:36:55.458609Z"},"content_sha256":"018e42a818ff65e97723138480aaa803a160172ca04215e34aaae241500328aa","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:018e42a818ff65e97723138480aaa803a160172ca04215e34aaae241500328aa"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-19T11:36:55Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MKV5CWF4UDC5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"97522e079117965f865f3cc2073b957cca92241aa514d292de7eb513cc6ade3c","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-04-02T20:00:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"a4c8e9432cbc5ef8ada9953a030581ae81a7f462024d12fc8b64782fdd23141e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1504.00676","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1504.00676","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1504.00676v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1504.00676","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MH2R5MZJSQAZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MH2R5MZJSQAZK5MK","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MH2R5MZJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:32Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:018e42a818ff65e97723138480aaa803a160172ca04215e34aaae241500328aa","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We propose high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies as a new pathway to form supermassive stars (SMSs) with masses of ~ 10^5 Msun at high redshift (z > 10). When protogalaxies hosted by dark matter halos with a virial temperature of ~ 10^4 K collide with a relative velocity > 200 km/s, the gas is shock-heated to ~ 10^6 K and subsequently cools isobarically via free-free emission and He^+, He, and H line emission. Since the gas density (> 10^4 cm^{-3}) is high enough to destroy H_2 molecules by collisional dissociation, the shocked gas never cools below ~ 10^4 K. Once a gas cloud of ~ 10^5 Msu","authors_text":"Eli Visbal, Kazumi Kashiyama, Kohei Inayoshi","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-04-02T20:00:27Z","title":"Direct collapse black hole formation via high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1504.00676","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:94e37db9a5ec1d5a3fa22f3951767574ef69a3039efe2bbcfd763bb1be722a5d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"97522e079117965f865f3cc2073b957cca92241aa514d292de7eb513cc6ade3c","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2015-04-02T20:00:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"a4c8e9432cbc5ef8ada9953a030581ae81a7f462024d12fc8b64782fdd23141e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1504.00676","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"61f51eb329940195758aaf4562f2831776f384a6ce1c0b99b9ac92c88efd8952","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"61f51eb329940195758aaf4562f2831776f384a6ce1c0b99b9ac92c88efd8952","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18.677480Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18.677480Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"MgtiPircSQZCLLX+K5Im04azaZnPb/8htYn75HS+Pch6/ALz9xEFWYHbeCg2n5DpsRst18ctAbf4sEecGn33Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:32:18.678270Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1504.00676","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:94e37db9a5ec1d5a3fa22f3951767574ef69a3039efe2bbcfd763bb1be722a5d","sha256:018e42a818ff65e97723138480aaa803a160172ca04215e34aaae241500328aa"],"state_sha256":"2e4e30db4d13e3b88ffa211f1b904a3dd29e464420a978d6c3d6b99a262cb30d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QS+BuqsLQwRy95ujNY1qsr16FZjXHQRsrMs3JLa64P8KDhP0TlUujwpXcA46Hw/MZmRD9pmvR77x6KZxhfQPCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T11:36:55.460304Z","bundle_sha256":"0337ec33619e285bd77c49ff9a6c5ea453c588633211efc2e095e94ffbbb1c3a"}}