{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454","short_pith_number":"pith:MIOWRKNG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1803.03905","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-03-11T05:13:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"87a16c163922e4af5eaf56dc3b843bf5d201bc0542808f42cc85cac2f9d66065","abstract_canon_sha256":"e7976de6fa42b7d8f6970606004ed9bd84f83972e6b0e600884ddad2b2d11486"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"621d68a9a6b5c19f0e4337b115225cef1599557171caf6c16f1cc12712a68831","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1803.03905","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1803.03905","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1803.03905v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1803.03905","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MIOWRKNGWXAZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MIOWRKNG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1803.03905","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-03-11T05:13:24Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"87a16c163922e4af5eaf56dc3b843bf5d201bc0542808f42cc85cac2f9d66065","abstract_canon_sha256":"e7976de6fa42b7d8f6970606004ed9bd84f83972e6b0e600884ddad2b2d11486"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"621d68a9a6b5c19f0e4337b115225cef1599557171caf6c16f1cc12712a68831","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54.482980Z","signature_b64":"QkEQ4HbUiq8Sr1ewR4huBzJntw+PXdaC0b3DWYwTGOtjd4Qhnoy97QBewZBTlOD57r2EqkV8qmWH8eg13x6zBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"621d68a9a6b5c19f0e4337b115225cef1599557171caf6c16f1cc12712a68831","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54.482479Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54.482479Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1803.03905","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"WWnj8JZwMT2qZQMMhb0AHIIlmYBZS7QyRxInWucaVGn7G8tKon7HsM8AWWC8RoPgIoTJqwU4fO+r7msqXJujCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T00:54:14.654978Z"},"content_sha256":"92143784593c8eb11715ff9d4a5a83cd4e6bc4555c2a27167e254fc9bf4a95c6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:92143784593c8eb11715ff9d4a5a83cd4e6bc4555c2a27167e254fc9bf4a95c6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Graph Laplacian Spectrum and Primary Frequency Regulation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SY","authors_text":"Changhong Zhao, Linqi Guo, Steven H. Low","submitted_at":"2018-03-11T05:13:24Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present a framework based on spectral graph theory that captures the interplay among network topology, system inertia, and generator and load damping in determining the overall grid behavior and performance. Specifically, we show that the impact of network topology on a power system can be quantified through the network Laplacian eigenvalues, and such eigenvalues determine the grid robustness against low frequency disturbances. Moreover, we can explicitly decompose the frequency signal along scaled Laplacian eigenvectors when damping-inertia ratios are uniform across buses. The insight reve"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1803.03905","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"exwbMM/qEKGwpdzOfc4wfe6s1B5dhvU+Dt70nzVLVLiJeD0Bc17wIv0YQ2IqamRmvHzsji1JWLK85MdBjtVmCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T00:54:14.655347Z"},"content_sha256":"a08dcb7054fb08b77fa555542da3ee9d80ec8b4789ec3ca63a2ea80de073ae30","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a08dcb7054fb08b77fa555542da3ee9d80ec8b4789ec3ca63a2ea80de073ae30"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T00:54:14Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSDG6YRKIS454","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e7976de6fa42b7d8f6970606004ed9bd84f83972e6b0e600884ddad2b2d11486","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-03-11T05:13:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"87a16c163922e4af5eaf56dc3b843bf5d201bc0542808f42cc85cac2f9d66065"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1803.03905","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1803.03905","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1803.03905v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1803.03905","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MIOWRKNGWXAZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MIOWRKNGWXAZ6DSD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MIOWRKNG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a08dcb7054fb08b77fa555542da3ee9d80ec8b4789ec3ca63a2ea80de073ae30","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present a framework based on spectral graph theory that captures the interplay among network topology, system inertia, and generator and load damping in determining the overall grid behavior and performance. Specifically, we show that the impact of network topology on a power system can be quantified through the network Laplacian eigenvalues, and such eigenvalues determine the grid robustness against low frequency disturbances. Moreover, we can explicitly decompose the frequency signal along scaled Laplacian eigenvectors when damping-inertia ratios are uniform across buses. The insight reve","authors_text":"Changhong Zhao, Linqi Guo, Steven H. Low","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-03-11T05:13:24Z","title":"Graph Laplacian Spectrum and Primary Frequency Regulation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1803.03905","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:92143784593c8eb11715ff9d4a5a83cd4e6bc4555c2a27167e254fc9bf4a95c6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e7976de6fa42b7d8f6970606004ed9bd84f83972e6b0e600884ddad2b2d11486","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SY","submitted_at":"2018-03-11T05:13:24Z","title_canon_sha256":"87a16c163922e4af5eaf56dc3b843bf5d201bc0542808f42cc85cac2f9d66065"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1803.03905","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"621d68a9a6b5c19f0e4337b115225cef1599557171caf6c16f1cc12712a68831","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"621d68a9a6b5c19f0e4337b115225cef1599557171caf6c16f1cc12712a68831","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54.482479Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54.482479Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QkEQ4HbUiq8Sr1ewR4huBzJntw+PXdaC0b3DWYwTGOtjd4Qhnoy97QBewZBTlOD57r2EqkV8qmWH8eg13x6zBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:54.482980Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1803.03905","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:92143784593c8eb11715ff9d4a5a83cd4e6bc4555c2a27167e254fc9bf4a95c6","sha256:a08dcb7054fb08b77fa555542da3ee9d80ec8b4789ec3ca63a2ea80de073ae30"],"state_sha256":"e2a4b909a0e9d327769df8045d038e5d05f1035a4edbac44765548589471eef3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"a3bZmPjqHxOCDw/YqXneqizh15oScLMxx4EJxbpFZ/yfx5yc06/MRmWyprxCsILkGNP9eLkaVkH7isetrMOvCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T00:54:14.657619Z","bundle_sha256":"902e58f79d9d3e29e8e44e03e201d5716537ddbefd24ac2b2f05ae4223936751"}}