{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH","short_pith_number":"pith:MKM64LCZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.06587","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-05-13T23:16:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"e1fc2db474a8d591e2d52085cad12e029cb4b2e738c33323b1f499584c6c547a","abstract_canon_sha256":"c2d009fe6b6b8362764ab94971c589b1ef6ce4b4a49443c6a593529a8f9b1ddd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6299ee2c5907459a88a007195c8fb291ebc4d37dd87fc8af1044359a1ec747fa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2105.06587","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.06587","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.06587v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.06587","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MKM64LCZA5CZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MKM64LCZA5CZVCFA","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MKM64LCZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.06587","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-05-13T23:16:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"e1fc2db474a8d591e2d52085cad12e029cb4b2e738c33323b1f499584c6c547a","abstract_canon_sha256":"c2d009fe6b6b8362764ab94971c589b1ef6ce4b4a49443c6a593529a8f9b1ddd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6299ee2c5907459a88a007195c8fb291ebc4d37dd87fc8af1044359a1ec747fa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11.948928Z","signature_b64":"QXdSA4ejv7APVhaNRQkiCdsOXo1xVENXm4n40Q32x/IYoB2TVHt5ntJrgUtG5dLIOtwmJIJi17OYbb0Mi223Bw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6299ee2c5907459a88a007195c8fb291ebc4d37dd87fc8af1044359a1ec747fa","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11.948505Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11.948505Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2105.06587","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ON8+z1ts226tSvE6vdhjvz12SME9HX97+zN3pyvvRAVN8rtCmK40pw0GJ/nZ2bqAGqMrl5zaewg16XoIJ2nhAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T05:29:33.166352Z"},"content_sha256":"d37a0114087455afbae4e852bf40f2979078c128ac311d440233df8fcc614ab2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d37a0114087455afbae4e852bf40f2979078c128ac311d440233df8fcc614ab2"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Empirical Evaluation of Biased Methods for Alpha Divergence Minimization","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Justin Domke, Tomas Geffner","submitted_at":"2021-05-13T23:16:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper we empirically evaluate biased methods for alpha-divergence minimization. In particular, we focus on how the bias affects the final solutions found, and how this depends on the dimensionality of the problem. We find that (i) solutions returned by these methods appear to be strongly biased towards minimizers of the traditional \"exclusive\" KL-divergence, KL(q||p), and (ii) in high dimensions, an impractically large amount of computation is needed to mitigate this bias and obtain solutions that actually minimize the alpha-divergence of interest."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.06587","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2105.06587/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VsVa3fPwU1Mn4Fr2fixFqafT2yu4jInsvIPRsZ9sbM1s5QIFWBhUkBtXJiV+Cnm/puRu2qls6dXMfonpJttGAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T05:29:33.166749Z"},"content_sha256":"e8907859f17c6acd56afaf6a43852ab619fe14c42040024df6264a3082dba692","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e8907859f17c6acd56afaf6a43852ab619fe14c42040024df6264a3082dba692"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T05:29:33Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:MKM64LCZA5CZVCFAA4MVZD5SSH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c2d009fe6b6b8362764ab94971c589b1ef6ce4b4a49443c6a593529a8f9b1ddd","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-05-13T23:16:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"e1fc2db474a8d591e2d52085cad12e029cb4b2e738c33323b1f499584c6c547a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.06587","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.06587","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.06587v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.06587","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MKM64LCZA5CZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MKM64LCZA5CZVCFA","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MKM64LCZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e8907859f17c6acd56afaf6a43852ab619fe14c42040024df6264a3082dba692","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2105.06587/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper we empirically evaluate biased methods for alpha-divergence minimization. In particular, we focus on how the bias affects the final solutions found, and how this depends on the dimensionality of the problem. We find that (i) solutions returned by these methods appear to be strongly biased towards minimizers of the traditional \"exclusive\" KL-divergence, KL(q||p), and (ii) in high dimensions, an impractically large amount of computation is needed to mitigate this bias and obtain solutions that actually minimize the alpha-divergence of interest.","authors_text":"Justin Domke, Tomas Geffner","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-05-13T23:16:54Z","title":"Empirical Evaluation of Biased Methods for Alpha Divergence Minimization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.06587","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d37a0114087455afbae4e852bf40f2979078c128ac311d440233df8fcc614ab2","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c2d009fe6b6b8362764ab94971c589b1ef6ce4b4a49443c6a593529a8f9b1ddd","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-05-13T23:16:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"e1fc2db474a8d591e2d52085cad12e029cb4b2e738c33323b1f499584c6c547a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.06587","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"6299ee2c5907459a88a007195c8fb291ebc4d37dd87fc8af1044359a1ec747fa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6299ee2c5907459a88a007195c8fb291ebc4d37dd87fc8af1044359a1ec747fa","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11.948505Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11.948505Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QXdSA4ejv7APVhaNRQkiCdsOXo1xVENXm4n40Q32x/IYoB2TVHt5ntJrgUtG5dLIOtwmJIJi17OYbb0Mi223Bw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:40:11.948928Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2105.06587","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d37a0114087455afbae4e852bf40f2979078c128ac311d440233df8fcc614ab2","sha256:e8907859f17c6acd56afaf6a43852ab619fe14c42040024df6264a3082dba692"],"state_sha256":"27034d0b8ecead8e08db29ca4a21d64bbffd07eb8f693c4d1e1b4875429c9bd6"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1Mm+OvdW15XZSeoo99kufrdkoObpgHkaTjUihBIURD1yVxnvK+GNyFl2PHyek3zxQu0A+2SQFpo8kQ/en0ErCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T05:29:33.169029Z","bundle_sha256":"68e1a8d958ae141dc15facba7b798e6d084e34ab860912d6e6b905a09194e741"}}