{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6","short_pith_number":"pith:MKWEI7SQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1201.4353","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2012-01-20T17:52:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.ao-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"0599ea63cec1599255369f0ee6ef06d396b9405c650300e0118aadc19e8e8d9f","abstract_canon_sha256":"3b37cb996f1c65ed0e9c69fdff9414aaaa8fe7c7e46d8e0a303e6cc5c30937fa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"62ac447e504df3d81cd394ff918f8f67bfaafed02a986a3594e741bf0339d89f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1201.4353","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1201.4353","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1201.4353v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1201.4353","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MKWEI7SQJXZ5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MKWEI7SQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:14Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1201.4353","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2012-01-20T17:52:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.ao-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"0599ea63cec1599255369f0ee6ef06d396b9405c650300e0118aadc19e8e8d9f","abstract_canon_sha256":"3b37cb996f1c65ed0e9c69fdff9414aaaa8fe7c7e46d8e0a303e6cc5c30937fa"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"62ac447e504df3d81cd394ff918f8f67bfaafed02a986a3594e741bf0339d89f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12.496989Z","signature_b64":"PJaLAvonxk/+XH7eBhdeZf45cZKKZlbA2Q6oHm5KP82r7HSIx3cLzkXF+ss2Te3rkQT2Qbk4OIwqkh0z0mnPAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"62ac447e504df3d81cd394ff918f8f67bfaafed02a986a3594e741bf0339d89f","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12.496432Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12.496432Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1201.4353","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XXfR+tK6Y/BZNVYGuFQUmS79YYjzut1+knaBPyd+Mwg9MbHd7MNdNEBM/bo2cwq5rU0ADuqxTQ65QnQKxDvxCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T07:15:54.848249Z"},"content_sha256":"a8b2e1367ff6bf12d4d3ea0fa90c345609a96fe958f2f473a85b8fd54269752e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a8b2e1367ff6bf12d4d3ea0fa90c345609a96fe958f2f473a85b8fd54269752e"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The physics of wind-blown sand and dust","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.soft","physics.ao-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Diana Bou Karam, Eric J. R. Parteli, Jasper F. Kok, Timothy I. Michaels","submitted_at":"2012-01-20T17:52:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"The transport of sand and dust by wind is a potent erosional force, creates sand dunes and ripples, and loads the atmosphere with suspended dust aerosols. This article presents an extensive review of the physics of wind-blown sand and dust on Earth and Mars. Specifically, we review the physics of aeolian saltation, the formation and development of sand dunes and ripples, the physics of dust aerosol emission, the weather phenomena that trigger dust storms, and the lifting of dust by dust devils and other small-scale vortices. We also discuss the physics of wind-blown sand and dune formation on "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1201.4353","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"K1CfALwdw1SeDWyb3NH5X9yLGYtX9uTZKJt3viSnSdUAZGp9MCkZW3SJElXkN4w4SnhjgVjOk/X+1IsLD60/AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T07:15:54.848615Z"},"content_sha256":"37893c2738b8dbabedfbcf19ed8701e39d1827840e2efbc012a021fb886a8f1a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:37893c2738b8dbabedfbcf19ed8701e39d1827840e2efbc012a021fb886a8f1a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T07:15:54Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGTST7ZDD4PM6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3b37cb996f1c65ed0e9c69fdff9414aaaa8fe7c7e46d8e0a303e6cc5c30937fa","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.ao-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2012-01-20T17:52:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"0599ea63cec1599255369f0ee6ef06d396b9405c650300e0118aadc19e8e8d9f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1201.4353","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1201.4353","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1201.4353v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1201.4353","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MKWEI7SQJXZ5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MKWEI7SQJXZ5QHGT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MKWEI7SQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:14Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:37893c2738b8dbabedfbcf19ed8701e39d1827840e2efbc012a021fb886a8f1a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The transport of sand and dust by wind is a potent erosional force, creates sand dunes and ripples, and loads the atmosphere with suspended dust aerosols. This article presents an extensive review of the physics of wind-blown sand and dust on Earth and Mars. Specifically, we review the physics of aeolian saltation, the formation and development of sand dunes and ripples, the physics of dust aerosol emission, the weather phenomena that trigger dust storms, and the lifting of dust by dust devils and other small-scale vortices. We also discuss the physics of wind-blown sand and dune formation on ","authors_text":"Diana Bou Karam, Eric J. R. Parteli, Jasper F. Kok, Timothy I. Michaels","cross_cats":["cond-mat.soft","physics.ao-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2012-01-20T17:52:25Z","title":"The physics of wind-blown sand and dust"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1201.4353","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a8b2e1367ff6bf12d4d3ea0fa90c345609a96fe958f2f473a85b8fd54269752e","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"3b37cb996f1c65ed0e9c69fdff9414aaaa8fe7c7e46d8e0a303e6cc5c30937fa","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.soft","physics.ao-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2012-01-20T17:52:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"0599ea63cec1599255369f0ee6ef06d396b9405c650300e0118aadc19e8e8d9f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1201.4353","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"62ac447e504df3d81cd394ff918f8f67bfaafed02a986a3594e741bf0339d89f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"62ac447e504df3d81cd394ff918f8f67bfaafed02a986a3594e741bf0339d89f","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12.496432Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12.496432Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"PJaLAvonxk/+XH7eBhdeZf45cZKKZlbA2Q6oHm5KP82r7HSIx3cLzkXF+ss2Te3rkQT2Qbk4OIwqkh0z0mnPAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:45:12.496989Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1201.4353","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a8b2e1367ff6bf12d4d3ea0fa90c345609a96fe958f2f473a85b8fd54269752e","sha256:37893c2738b8dbabedfbcf19ed8701e39d1827840e2efbc012a021fb886a8f1a"],"state_sha256":"dc1ace0ca744c55a813298623ab59e16520f3b75f240c8160564e42dfe87bc03"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7GDq9Qem90fLWGfYrY4B8PDlKdjCT3bSTry3dN6I3zSgfctUHdHTzl7uUO4HxfJRWnM/FEm+yh1bFNXtMQf4Dg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T07:15:54.851062Z","bundle_sha256":"d358fc1a90b2e692788a9be090a22c0faaef260a457d5bc270a73b4a40ebbd3e"}}