{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR","short_pith_number":"pith:ML2WK72P","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1307.2178","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2013-07-08T17:21:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f573fe3c5e0b1239160ed7e43569b59d1d1df1f1ab551d676fded28b06926c49","abstract_canon_sha256":"97e5bb31a2a820d7ba49ef9228b2cf4049699dd2e29b8ca2610f6a8ac4fc3e39"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"62f5657f4fc7522a660c0677656bb71c66a6d415623dcec66039172938664417","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1307.2178","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1307.2178","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1307.2178v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1307.2178","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ML2WK72PY5JC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ML2WK72PY5JCUZQM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ML2WK72P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:52Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1307.2178","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2013-07-08T17:21:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f573fe3c5e0b1239160ed7e43569b59d1d1df1f1ab551d676fded28b06926c49","abstract_canon_sha256":"97e5bb31a2a820d7ba49ef9228b2cf4049699dd2e29b8ca2610f6a8ac4fc3e39"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"62f5657f4fc7522a660c0677656bb71c66a6d415623dcec66039172938664417","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48.248616Z","signature_b64":"WPGIM8aLY5TrB2vp/Ce/sl2GvWim/7oiRhZVJb+boieXfeI1LHnZ+mCKBKbhxBT9uZ0lYB4Wr/ZtVrAZYfPDAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"62f5657f4fc7522a660c0677656bb71c66a6d415623dcec66039172938664417","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48.248228Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48.248228Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1307.2178","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3QnXfXZ+htgjZMr+2Ag8h/7rx3vQsui2G1BRMpeyrvnA0JOjOwuSnG7MopOkQ19YMUJeTdlFa9pFiU654SyGBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T14:33:05.222384Z"},"content_sha256":"4aea43ef9d8dc944ccf5129339c664713b2f191c0e7eb7564b8529170a822531","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4aea43ef9d8dc944ccf5129339c664713b2f191c0e7eb7564b8529170a822531"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2013:ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Characteristics of Cost Overruns for Dutch Transport Infrastructure Projects and the Importance of the Decision to Build and Project Phases","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","authors_text":"Bent Flyvbjerg, Bert van Wee, Chantal C. Cantarelli, Eric J. E. Molin","submitted_at":"2013-07-08T17:21:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Using a methodology similar to that used the in the worldwide research, the cost performance of Dutch large-scale transport infrastructure projects is determined. In the Netherlands, cost overruns are as common as cost underruns but because cost overruns are larger than cost underruns projects on average have a cost overrun of 16.5%. The focus on one country further enabled to consider cost overruns during different project development phases. It turned out that in the Netherlands the majority of the cost overrun occurs in the pre-construction phase (the period between the formal decision to b"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1307.2178","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"A22JWrfwvKRVpC1JcGk7IXeuBnbatvNGImpNZpILAruUaFRQQG8M7+2EMTwOWDSuqvPAam/un4EF25pHSgO/Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T14:33:05.223184Z"},"content_sha256":"f16b58fdafc4ccd70278e10ec57051681af43ff83abb00b8edeb3b27d23f7b79","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f16b58fdafc4ccd70278e10ec57051681af43ff83abb00b8edeb3b27d23f7b79"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T14:33:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2013:ML2WK72PY5JCUZQMAZ3WK25XDR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"97e5bb31a2a820d7ba49ef9228b2cf4049699dd2e29b8ca2610f6a8ac4fc3e39","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2013-07-08T17:21:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"f573fe3c5e0b1239160ed7e43569b59d1d1df1f1ab551d676fded28b06926c49"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1307.2178","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1307.2178","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1307.2178v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1307.2178","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ML2WK72PY5JC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ML2WK72PY5JCUZQM","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ML2WK72P","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:52Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f16b58fdafc4ccd70278e10ec57051681af43ff83abb00b8edeb3b27d23f7b79","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Using a methodology similar to that used the in the worldwide research, the cost performance of Dutch large-scale transport infrastructure projects is determined. In the Netherlands, cost overruns are as common as cost underruns but because cost overruns are larger than cost underruns projects on average have a cost overrun of 16.5%. The focus on one country further enabled to consider cost overruns during different project development phases. It turned out that in the Netherlands the majority of the cost overrun occurs in the pre-construction phase (the period between the formal decision to b","authors_text":"Bent Flyvbjerg, Bert van Wee, Chantal C. Cantarelli, Eric J. E. Molin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2013-07-08T17:21:20Z","title":"Characteristics of Cost Overruns for Dutch Transport Infrastructure Projects and the Importance of the Decision to Build and Project Phases"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1307.2178","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4aea43ef9d8dc944ccf5129339c664713b2f191c0e7eb7564b8529170a822531","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"97e5bb31a2a820d7ba49ef9228b2cf4049699dd2e29b8ca2610f6a8ac4fc3e39","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"q-fin.GN","submitted_at":"2013-07-08T17:21:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"f573fe3c5e0b1239160ed7e43569b59d1d1df1f1ab551d676fded28b06926c49"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1307.2178","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"62f5657f4fc7522a660c0677656bb71c66a6d415623dcec66039172938664417","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"62f5657f4fc7522a660c0677656bb71c66a6d415623dcec66039172938664417","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48.248228Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48.248228Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"WPGIM8aLY5TrB2vp/Ce/sl2GvWim/7oiRhZVJb+boieXfeI1LHnZ+mCKBKbhxBT9uZ0lYB4Wr/ZtVrAZYfPDAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:28:48.248616Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1307.2178","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4aea43ef9d8dc944ccf5129339c664713b2f191c0e7eb7564b8529170a822531","sha256:f16b58fdafc4ccd70278e10ec57051681af43ff83abb00b8edeb3b27d23f7b79"],"state_sha256":"9a32a10d49cc143835cdc1a4fea714618b6fb7cba2c1d630cb373b9fdb0119ef"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5zgboaYH8uhCKsO2IYmuEzHgtqOyaS0JoV7oYDXVhWvcMxy6k3Cx+qmd+tS4nEZ674qscMkNfe9+41OSoB2eDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T14:33:05.226333Z","bundle_sha256":"97680794dd6ce96b79d8a5796f112506323e54283b9e21f603992581cca46cca"}}