{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:MPL7TYOWPQAP2TPJX52PY7V7HS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f5f20a5178095ab7a101dbc6e30950b344733a0222cddab8a0ac0796dfcf0103","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-26T20:14:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"d7f846bcd068a6b22357fa40ecaab70dea51a20d967ccf01f04abb6941124dbe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.14002","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2110.14002","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2110.14002v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.14002","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MPL7TYOWPQAP","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MPL7TYOWPQAP2TPJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MPL7TYOW","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c5f7848a46619bc5f0c89d442bdb2c509a37805d69b2835d8f13f1f928239516","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2110.14002/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Accurately backpropagating the gradient through categorical variables is a challenging task that arises in various domains, such as training discrete latent variable models. To this end, we propose CARMS, an unbiased estimator for categorical random variables based on multiple mutually negatively correlated (jointly antithetic) samples. CARMS combines REINFORCE with copula based sampling to avoid duplicate samples and reduce its variance, while keeping the estimator unbiased using importance sampling. It generalizes both the ARMS antithetic estimator for binary variables, which is CARMS for tw","authors_text":"Alek Dimitriev, Mingyuan Zhou","cross_cats":["stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-26T20:14:30Z","title":"CARMS: Categorical-Antithetic-REINFORCE Multi-Sample Gradient Estimator"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2110.14002","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ddba0799deb97611cb1a5c5f873ffbc631f69cf2a352b17a126780022a46acf4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f5f20a5178095ab7a101dbc6e30950b344733a0222cddab8a0ac0796dfcf0103","cross_cats_sorted":["stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-10-26T20:14:30Z","title_canon_sha256":"d7f846bcd068a6b22357fa40ecaab70dea51a20d967ccf01f04abb6941124dbe"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2110.14002","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"63d7f9e1d67c00fd4de9bf74fc7ebf3c8342c5933094e2e09760c47e308bbfad","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"63d7f9e1d67c00fd4de9bf74fc7ebf3c8342c5933094e2e09760c47e308bbfad","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22.725664Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22.725664Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"fA3ohlOO98fKI6htghHmZVWSFz10ytzgjsVfD62kiGwAAvStxSVYUYuPO91+81KydzKcDVSaecX4odkzpgd6CQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:26:22.726124Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2110.14002","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ddba0799deb97611cb1a5c5f873ffbc631f69cf2a352b17a126780022a46acf4","sha256:c5f7848a46619bc5f0c89d442bdb2c509a37805d69b2835d8f13f1f928239516"],"state_sha256":"875411fa86f17942a1cac4b71699dfafe142efd41d7e0d9089d94e4a94aca933"}