{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK","short_pith_number":"pith:MRL6JZFV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.06044","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2021-06-10T20:58:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"c8140997e8646a7843da068d9f5cbf78a25d974688eb9a1555838486e391077f","abstract_canon_sha256":"67de5b4f6068493b3db6d977d93dfc2bff73bc1c4cb17a9768cdc4773c52d5f5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6457e4e4b5335d6d724e9037bdae046281ba2dfa0bda977f74c8d886d8603d18","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2106.06044","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.06044","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.06044v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.06044","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MRL6JZFVGNOW","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MRL6JZFVGNOW24SO","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MRL6JZFV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2106.06044","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2021-06-10T20:58:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"c8140997e8646a7843da068d9f5cbf78a25d974688eb9a1555838486e391077f","abstract_canon_sha256":"67de5b4f6068493b3db6d977d93dfc2bff73bc1c4cb17a9768cdc4773c52d5f5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"6457e4e4b5335d6d724e9037bdae046281ba2dfa0bda977f74c8d886d8603d18","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16.638459Z","signature_b64":"QS9kZW5h0WXVEITBfwjJ5gM+wBOoYdla9jTUdvJbdZvZbjtMN0gLbVHtq6sxV0vF3vVZv0QXwpwWfzYfB9g/Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"6457e4e4b5335d6d724e9037bdae046281ba2dfa0bda977f74c8d886d8603d18","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16.637983Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16.637983Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2106.06044","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kUw3GQ62f7i3lKMhngDG8dtaVdxF7z2sZt933MtLZfWztHNCBQbZPH6TG09NfFmdY4TW14P8GSLeeUdk9sPYCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T11:44:10.963177Z"},"content_sha256":"1c3a1fc59dab8e13759ee6627b261717328f8439759fa927b06baef00103a7ea","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1c3a1fc59dab8e13759ee6627b261717328f8439759fa927b06baef00103a7ea"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Convergence and Alignment of Gradient Descent with Random Backpropagation Weights","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Ganlin Song, John Lafferty, Ruitu Xu","submitted_at":"2021-06-10T20:58:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Stochastic gradient descent with backpropagation is the workhorse of artificial neural networks. It has long been recognized that backpropagation fails to be a biologically plausible algorithm. Fundamentally, it is a non-local procedure -- updating one neuron's synaptic weights requires knowledge of synaptic weights or receptive fields of downstream neurons. This limits the use of artificial neural networks as a tool for understanding the biological principles of information processing in the brain. Lillicrap et al. (2016) propose a more biologically plausible \"feedback alignment\" algorithm th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.06044","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2106.06044/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lgwSuGI5EirsHtUGiExEWPSV7mzlOmkpLdl0BpWCvHBJ/q1qXemljfOyW9RAm3roV3oPce9Ce3+6q4Xaj3YxCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T11:44:10.964054Z"},"content_sha256":"840f361f4bed827fcc33de2519684ab168ea43f675591f2de729062843dee515","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:840f361f4bed827fcc33de2519684ab168ea43f675591f2de729062843dee515"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T11:44:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:MRL6JZFVGNOW24SOSA333LQEMK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"67de5b4f6068493b3db6d977d93dfc2bff73bc1c4cb17a9768cdc4773c52d5f5","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2021-06-10T20:58:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"c8140997e8646a7843da068d9f5cbf78a25d974688eb9a1555838486e391077f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.06044","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2106.06044","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2106.06044v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.06044","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"MRL6JZFVGNOW","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"MRL6JZFVGNOW24SO","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"MRL6JZFV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:840f361f4bed827fcc33de2519684ab168ea43f675591f2de729062843dee515","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2106.06044/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Stochastic gradient descent with backpropagation is the workhorse of artificial neural networks. It has long been recognized that backpropagation fails to be a biologically plausible algorithm. Fundamentally, it is a non-local procedure -- updating one neuron's synaptic weights requires knowledge of synaptic weights or receptive fields of downstream neurons. This limits the use of artificial neural networks as a tool for understanding the biological principles of information processing in the brain. Lillicrap et al. (2016) propose a more biologically plausible \"feedback alignment\" algorithm th","authors_text":"Ganlin Song, John Lafferty, Ruitu Xu","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2021-06-10T20:58:05Z","title":"Convergence and Alignment of Gradient Descent with Random Backpropagation Weights"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2106.06044","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1c3a1fc59dab8e13759ee6627b261717328f8439759fa927b06baef00103a7ea","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"67de5b4f6068493b3db6d977d93dfc2bff73bc1c4cb17a9768cdc4773c52d5f5","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2021-06-10T20:58:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"c8140997e8646a7843da068d9f5cbf78a25d974688eb9a1555838486e391077f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2106.06044","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"6457e4e4b5335d6d724e9037bdae046281ba2dfa0bda977f74c8d886d8603d18","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"6457e4e4b5335d6d724e9037bdae046281ba2dfa0bda977f74c8d886d8603d18","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16.637983Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16.637983Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QS9kZW5h0WXVEITBfwjJ5gM+wBOoYdla9jTUdvJbdZvZbjtMN0gLbVHtq6sxV0vF3vVZv0QXwpwWfzYfB9g/Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:43:16.638459Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2106.06044","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1c3a1fc59dab8e13759ee6627b261717328f8439759fa927b06baef00103a7ea","sha256:840f361f4bed827fcc33de2519684ab168ea43f675591f2de729062843dee515"],"state_sha256":"46c3e3363a7f04f81f7002b9a2737152abb8c90ebcadedaa696ad7a52e856e1e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QBymVcls28W5T1h4cvWRvyaS/PHx0KuZfM+dwRw5WkdRwGpXKHxuU8Xy8j+9DLrvcFDQVXf3xFGtINULP+k0Bw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T11:44:10.970037Z","bundle_sha256":"7196d58f9ca7b948f01b42e0cde4a5f8f6a6f58be29fffeec99ca6f51bbe70ed"}}